Effective communication

Effective communication is essential to the production of any business organization since the world is becoming a 'global village'. However due to large organisational structures, it became difficult to get any message out. Communication has crucial impacts within or among workgroups in that organization From the scientific management viewpoint, communication is a tool of organizational design to facilitate and operate task completion so that the theorists had emphasis on communication flow from supervisors to subordinates (Shockley-Zalabak, 2006). Likewise,
Taylor’s scientific management was operated by a well-defined chain of command and specific division of labor. These two principles were developed based on work standards and 4 measurement of standards. From his point of view, communication can be explained as a tool to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the chain of command, rules, and regulations communication can be a channel to flow information, resources, and even policies. The second type of communication within an organization is upward communication, which flows from subordinates to superiors. Upward communication is a channel to know “how work is processing, what problems and opportunities subordinates see, what ideas subordinates have for improving performance, what intelligence subordinates gather about what clients and other organizations are doing and what subordinates feel about the agency, their superiors, and their jobs” (Garnett, 1992, p. 115). Finally, horizontal communication indicates the lateral exchange of information, which flows in accordance with the functional principle among people on the same level within an organization. Upward and horizontal communication are emphasized for employee satisfaction (Miller, 1999). However, upward communication could be another instrument to control and regulate subordinates, as Shermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn (2005, p. 298) mentioned: “upward communication