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Effects of Moisture Content and Fertilizers on the Body Mass of Earthworms, Pheretima Sp. Under Laboratory Conditions

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Effects of Moisture Content and Fertilizers on the Body Mass of Earthworms, Pheretima Sp. Under Laboratory Conditions
Effects of moisture content and fertilizers on the body mass of earthworms, Pheretima sp. under laboratory conditions
Suraya Yaacob, Fatin Habsah Abd. Hamid and Muhammad Farouk Roslan
Introduction
Earthworms play an important role in the turnover of organic matter in soil and maintaining a good soil structure (Lavelle, 1988). Physical properties in soils improved by earthworms include improved aggregation, stability, and porosity. The soil biological and chemical properties of soils that may be modified include nutrient cycling (mainly nitrogen and phosphorus), organic matter decomposition rates, and chemical forms of nutrients in soil and their availability to plants. They also change the soil pH, organic matter dynamics in terms of quality and quantity, microbial and invertebrate activity, and diversity of the microflora and fauna (Lavelle et al., 1998). Therefore, they are essential for plant growth especially in an extensive agricultural system, such as organic farming, which is based on nutrient release from turnover of organic matter.
Earthworms can also be used as a source of protein for animal feed which had been reported to increase the growth of fish, chicken and piglets (Guerro, 1983; Jin-you et al., 1982; Edwards and Niederer, 1988). The mean amounts of essential amino acids recorded in earthworms are found to be very adequate for a good animal feed. Moreover, earthworm tissues contain a preponderance of long-chain fatty acids, many of which cannot be synthesized by non-ruminant animals and an adequate mineral content (Edwards and Niederer, 1988). Recently, the enzymes derived by the earthworms, lumbrokinase or earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes (EFE) which has anticoagulant (blood thinner) property is extensively being used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
Following these valuable application of earthworms, the management of earthworm communities provides a promising field for innovation in agricultural practises. There are many factors



References: Anderson, C. 1980. The influence of farmyard manure and slurry on the earthworm population (Lumbricidae) in arable soil. In Soil Biology as Related to Land Use Practices, D.L. Dindal (ed.). Environmental Protection Agency; Washington D.C., pp. 325-335. Baker, G.H. 1998. The ecology, management, and benefits of earthworms in agricultural soils, with particular reference to southern Australia. In Earthworm Ecology, C.A. Edwards (ed.), St. Lucia Press; Boca Raton, pp. 229-257. Cotton, D.C.F. and Curry, J.P. 1980a. The effects of cattle and pig slurry fertilizers on earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) in grassland managed for silage production. Pedobiologia 20, 189-196. Curry, J.P. 1976. Some effects of animal manures on earthworms in grassland. Pedobiologia 16, 425-438. Edwards, C.A., Bohlen, P., 1996. Biology and Ecology of Earthworms, Chapman and Hall, New York. Edwards, C.A. and Niederer, A. 1988. The production and processing of earthworm protein. In Earthworms in Waste and Environmental Management, C.A. Edwards and E.F. Neuhauser (eds.) SPB Academic Publishing; The Hague, pp. 169-180. Edwards, C.A., and Lofty, J.R. 1982. Nitrogenous fertilizers and earthworm populations in agricultural soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 14, 515-521. Edwards C.A and Lofty, J.R. 1972. Biology of Earthworms. Chapman and Hall; London. Guerro, R.D. 1983. The culture and the use of Perionyx excavates as a protein resources in the Philippines. In Earthworms Ecology from Darwin to Vermiculture, J.E. Satchell (Ed.). Chapman & Hall; London, pp. 309-313. Hansen, S. And Engelstad, F. 1999. Earthworm populations in a cool and wet district as affected by tractor traffic and fertilization. Applied Soil Ecology 13, 237-250. Hansen, S. 1996. Effects of manure treatment and soil compaction on plant production of a dairy farm converting to organic farming practise. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 56, 173-186. Jin-you, X., Xian-Kuan, Z., and Zhi-Ren, P. 1982. Experimental research on the substitution of earthworms for fish meals in feeding broilers. Journal of South China Normal College 1, 88-94. Lavelle, P. 1988. Earthworm activities and the soil system. Biology and Fertility of Soils 6, 237-251 Lee, K.E., 1985 Lofs-Holmin, A. 1983a. Influence of agricultural practices on earthworms (Lumbricidae). Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 33, 225-234. Lofs-Holmin, A. 1983b. Earthworm population dynamics in different agricultural rotations. In Earthworm Ecology – from Darwin to Vermiculture, J.E. Satchell (ed.), Chapman & Hall; London, pp. 151-160. Marhan, S. And Scheu, S. 2005. The influence of mineral and organic fertilizers on the growth of the endogeic earthworm Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny). Pedobioloiga 49, 239-249. Schmidt, O., Clements, R.O. and Donaldson, G. 2003. Why do cereal-legume intercrops support large earthworm populations? Applied Soil Ecology 22, 181-190. Unwin, R.J. and Lewis, S. 1986. The effect upon earthworms populations of very large applications of pig slurry to grassland. Agricultural Wastes 16, 67-73. Whalen, J.K., Parmelee, R.W., and Edwards, C.A. 1998. Population dynamics of earthworm communities in corn agroecosystems receiving organic or inorganic fertilizer amendments. Biology and Fertility of Soils 27, 400-407.

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