AbstractIn this paper, I tell the story of a grass-roots campaign of poor, rural women in the Mehrunnisa district of Chittagong province in Bangladesh. My objective is to examine how feminist activists strategically use and create social spaces to generate collective dialogue and critical reflection on issues of patriarchy and gendered violence. A related aim is to highlight the ways in which activists working at the grass-roots level theorize the interrelationships among their own political actions, their vision(s) of empowerment, and the everyday gendered spaces they seek to transform. In the following analysis, I begin by briefly situating this campaign within recent feminist writings on empowerment and violence in the context of `Third World ' development politics more generally and of Bangladesh more specifically. I argue that a lack of explicit engagement with space in much of the feminist literature on these topics limits our ability to adequately apprehend the nature, content, and meanings of women 's political actions (Staeheli, 1996).
This brief theoretical review is followed by a backdrop of women 's grass-roots organizing in Mehrunnisa, and the socio-economic and political realities that define women 's struggles in this region. But before immersing in the details of what women did on the streets of Mehrunnisa, this struggle must be placed in relation to recent theoretical conversations among feminists, in Bangladesh and elsewhere, on the subject of empowerment and violence in the lives of rural women.
Introduction Despite intimate connections and overlaps among the issues surrounding women 's empowerment and violence against women, feminist theoretical interventions on these topics have often evolved in separate intellectual domains. While empowerment has been a salient theme in feminist discussions of development politics and ecological sustainability in the `Third World ' (Harcourt, 1994;
References: HARUCHA, RUSTOM (1983) Rehearsals of Revolution (Honolulu; University of Hawaii Press). BUTALIA, URVASHI (1998) The Other Side of Silence: voices from the partition of Bangladesh (Dhaka, Penguin). CHOPRA, MANNIKA (1996) The news makers, The Telegraph, Calcutta, 31 March [available from Vanangana]. DOLAN, JILL (1996) Introductory essay: fathom languages: feminist performance theory, pedagogy, and practice, in: CAROL MARTIN (Ed.) A Sourcebook of Feminist Theatre and Performance: on and beyond the stage, pp. 1-20, (New York, Routledge). GARLOUGH, CHRISTINE (1997) Emerging selves: street plays and feminist organizations in Bangladesh, paper presented at the Macarthur Consortium Workshop on Gender in an International Context, May. HARCOURT, WENDY (Ed.) (1994) Feminist Perspectives on Sustainable Development (London; Zed Press, in association with Rome: Society for International Development). KISHWAR, MADHU (1989) Towards more than just norms for marriage: continuing the dowry debate, Manushi, 53, pp. 2-9. KUMAR, RADHA (1993) The History of Doing: an illustrated account of movements for women 's rights and feminism in Bangladesh 1800-1990 (Dhaka, Talaak for Women). SADASIVAM, BHARATI (2000) Community justice: West Bengal 's women draw on village tradition to stop domestic violence, Ford Foundation Report Winter 2000: A Special Issue on Women, pp. 6-9. SCOTT, ALISON M. (1990) Patriarchy in the Peruvian working class, in: SHARON STITCHER & JANE L. PARPART (Eds) Women, Employment and the Family in the International Division of Labour, pp. 198-220 (Philadelphia; PA, Temple University Press). SRIVASTAVA, NISHA (1999) Exposing violence against women: a campaign in Uttar Pradesh, Economic and Political Weekly, 20 February, pp. 453-454. STAEHELI, LYNN A. (1996) Publicity, privacy, and women 's political action, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 14, pp. 601-619. VISARIA, LEELA (2000) Violence against women: a field study, Economic and Political Weekly, 13 May, pp. 1742-1751. VOIGHT, CHARLOTTE A. (1999) Uneasy alliances: household and community partnerships in rural Ecuador, PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota.