Health Promotion Model
Every day we all hear the words. “An apple a day keeps the doctor away” and “You are what you eat” These terms relate to our health. The word “health” is derived from whole, signalling that health concerns the whole person. Collins (2013). Health promotion has been defined by the (World Health Organisation, 2005) as “the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants”. Scriven (2010) suggested that the primary means of health promotion occurs through developing healthy public policy for example income, housing, food security, employment and quality working conditions.
Nurses play an important role in promoting public health. Traditionally, the focus of health promotion by nurses has been on disease …show more content…
prevention and changing the behaviour of individuals with respect to their health. However, their role as promoters of health is more complex, since they have multi-disciplinary knowledge and experience of health promotion and also they are in a position of leadership and trust. Davies & Mc Dowall (2006) The Department of health, (DOH) the Royal college of Nursing, (RCN) and the Nursing and midwifery council, (NMC) have been encouraging nurses to take an active role in health promotion. Whitehead in Scriven (2005)
Robert f (1998) stated that Nurses have strong interpersonal skills built on close relationships with their clients. Nurses use interpersonal skills every day to communicate and interact with people. It is important that nurses control what they say and the way they say things. Body language, Negotiation, Problem solving and decision making are all skills that Nurses need.
This essay concerns a critique of a DVD clip “Someone to watch over me”. It is a thirteen minute long clip with interactions between a married couple Kim and Adam and a social worker Jo.
In 1991 Dahlgren and whitehead developed a theory on determinants of health also known as the “policy rainbow”. They talk of layers of influence on health that can be modified. The first layer is concerned with personal behaviour and lifestyles that can enable change in relation to, diet or activity. The second layer is about support and influence within communities which can sustain or damage health. The third layer is about living and working conditions and access to facilities and services. The outer layer is concerned with economic, cultural and environmental conditions such as standards of living or the labour market. Nandoo and Wills (2009)
The first layer of the model concerns age, sex and constitutional factors. Obviously one cannot change this as we are all born as unique individuals. Kim may have inherited a learning disability and this could affect the way she understands information. People with learning disabilities have difficulty understanding new information, learning new skills or coping independently. (NHS choices) Kim can change her smoking and drink problems. Smoking has serious implications on health and can cause numerous illnesses like lung cancer and coronary heart disease. Slovic (2001) Kim also has a history of serious drink problems which resulted in her three previous children with her former partner being taken into care. Long-term alcohol use can cause serious health complications, affecting virtually every organ in your body. Donnellan (2001) Adam has a history of mental health problems. Poor mental health can mean that routine tasks such as shopping and cooking become impossible. They can lose motivation to do anything and cease to care about anything. Pryjmachuk (2011)
The second layer of the model relates to social interaction. Kim and Adam have no friends and no community engagement whatsoever. This could make them feel isolated. Naidoo and wills (2009) stated that friendships can benefit you in lifting your self-esteem. It is important that Kim and Adam look after their physical, mental, emotional, social, spiritual and societal health. Ewles and Simnett (2003)
Kim looks overweight and obese. This can be linked into the third layer of the model. Mike Kelly, director of the centre for public health at NICE, (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) said “being overweight or obese can have serious consequences for public health”. Adam is unemployed and has a low level of education. For example when he said that everything will be ok “tinnkie boo” showed me that he had a limited vocabulary. Education can improve people’s chances of getting a job which will increase their standard of living. Nandoo and Wills (2009)
Kim and Adams home environment looks very basic. There is very little luxury displayed. If Kim and Adam don’t have sufficient welfare support this will reduce their ability to live healthy. Poverty can affect health directly by eating a high processed diet. Naidoo and Wills (2009)
Going through the layers of the model Jo’s lifestyle seems good.
She looks healthy and is very active. She has a car which will give her ability to access work as well as social activities. Gibson (2011) Jo does have contact with social and community networks if she needs it. This can be linked to the second layer. The third layer is about living and working conditions. Social workers work with people who are needy. It can be hard to not sacrifice too much to the job. You can see that Jo is stressed out over Kim and Adam. This is damaging to health making people susceptible to high blood pressure, depression and premature death. Naidoo and Wills …show more content…
(2009)
Adam has a history of mental health problems.
(The WHO 2001) describes mental illness as “Someone mentally unhealthy if they can’t cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively or make a contribution to his or her community”. In the DVD we are not told about how severe Adams mental health condition is. I noted that when Jo wanted to talk with Kim on her own, Adam got very annoyed and hurt. He said that they were a married couple and that there should be no secrets. Learned helplessness and depression may be parallel in their symptoms. The model suggests that depression is caused by uncontrollable situations which lead to the individual’s lack of control over a situation. Murphy (1982)
The medical model I believe is a better approach. This is known as the “top – down” approach. This approach engages the patient in an ongoing basis. It determines what disease is present and devises treatments based on diagnoses. Cognitive behaviour therapy is another way of helping people who are depressed. It focuses on the holistic care of the individual taking the psychological, physical and social needs of the person into consideration. Seligman
(2003)
Kim’s smoking behaviour is not good for her own health or her babies. According to Zsuzsanna Jakab (2010) smoking during pregnancy can cause serious health problems including ectopic pregnancy, increased risk of miscarriage and stillbirth. Murphy (1982) suggested that the health belief model indicates a person’s perceived vulnerability to a health threat. Their perceived severity of the threat and the cost benefit of adopting a preventive action are central to whether an individual adopts a healthy lifestyle.
Crosby (2013) suggests that the Transtheoretical model of change assesses an individual’s readiness to act on a new healthier lifestyle. The model goes through five stages Contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and relapse. Kim will need to weigh up the pros and cons in her head and these will need to outweigh her present behaviour.
Using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as a framework I am going to assess Jo’s stress. This theory is based on a five level pyramid. Frances, Anne and freitas (2011) stated that unless basic needs are met a person cannot progress to achieve a higher level of growth and development. The next level is safety needs. I would have an issue with this because Jo went to Kim and Adams house by herself and when she arrived there was a dog. Jo’s social needs are being met as she is in regular contact with Nurses and work colleagues but she is still under stress. Davies (1998) stated that social work is an occupational hazard and is among the top three most stress related jobs. When Jo meets all her needs then she will be at Self-actualization. A big factor Jo will need to take into consideration is communication. Mc Cabe (2006) suggests that communication is the basis of our lives and we would be lost without it. In healthcare it is important that we engage in safe, effective, compassionate and respectful communication because we are dealing with vulnerable people and as a nurse and healthcare professional you are in a position of trust and it is expected of you. However at times there can be barriers to communication. For example Kim had dealings with previous social workers before and this could lead to prejudice and stereotyping. Kim stated that she “trusted Jo but then deep down you just never know”. Kim has already had three children taken off her by social workers and this could have a negative attitude towards Jo. It is important that Jo keeps her language clear and simple and easy to understand for kim and adam. Jo will have to look at this case as her job. She will have to stay strong and show little emotion if she is to help Kim and Adam.
Nurses play an important role in promoting public health. Traditionally, the focus of health promotion by nurses has been on disease …show more content…
prevention and changing the behaviour of individuals with respect to their health. However, their role as promoters of health is more complex, since they have multi-disciplinary knowledge and experience of health promotion and also they are in a position of leadership and trust. Davies & Mc Dowall (2006) The Department of health, (DOH) the Royal college of Nursing, (RCN) and the Nursing and midwifery council, (NMC) have been encouraging nurses to take an active role in health promotion. Whitehead in Scriven (2005)
Robert f (1998) stated that Nurses have strong interpersonal skills built on close relationships with their clients. Nurses use interpersonal skills every day to communicate and interact with people. It is important that nurses control what they say and the way they say things. Body language, Negotiation, Problem solving and decision making are all skills that Nurses need.
This essay concerns a critique of a DVD clip “Someone to watch over me”. It is a thirteen minute long clip with interactions between a married couple Kim and Adam and a social worker Jo.
In 1991 Dahlgren and whitehead developed a theory on determinants of health also known as the “policy rainbow”. They talk of layers of influence on health that can be modified. The first layer is concerned with personal behaviour and lifestyles that can enable change in relation to, diet or activity. The second layer is about support and influence within communities which can sustain or damage health. The third layer is about living and working conditions and access to facilities and services. The outer layer is concerned with economic, cultural and environmental conditions such as standards of living or the labour market. Nandoo and Wills (2009)
The first layer of the model concerns age, sex and constitutional factors. Obviously one cannot change this as we are all born as unique individuals. Kim may have inherited a learning disability and this could affect the way she understands information. People with learning disabilities have difficulty understanding new information, learning new skills or coping independently. (NHS choices) Kim can change her smoking and drink problems. Smoking has serious implications on health and can cause numerous illnesses like lung cancer and coronary heart disease. Slovic (2001) Kim also has a history of serious drink problems which resulted in her three previous children with her former partner being taken into care. Long-term alcohol use can cause serious health complications, affecting virtually every organ in your body. Donnellan (2001) Adam has a history of mental health problems. Poor mental health can mean that routine tasks such as shopping and cooking become impossible. They can lose motivation to do anything and cease to care about anything. Pryjmachuk (2011)
The second layer of the model relates to social interaction. Kim and Adam have no friends and no community engagement whatsoever. This could make them feel isolated. Naidoo and wills (2009) stated that friendships can benefit you in lifting your self-esteem. It is important that Kim and Adam look after their physical, mental, emotional, social, spiritual and societal health. Ewles and Simnett (2003)
Kim looks overweight and obese. This can be linked into the third layer of the model. Mike Kelly, director of the centre for public health at NICE, (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) said “being overweight or obese can have serious consequences for public health”. Adam is unemployed and has a low level of education. For example when he said that everything will be ok “tinnkie boo” showed me that he had a limited vocabulary. Education can improve people’s chances of getting a job which will increase their standard of living. Nandoo and Wills (2009)
Kim and Adams home environment looks very basic. There is very little luxury displayed. If Kim and Adam don’t have sufficient welfare support this will reduce their ability to live healthy. Poverty can affect health directly by eating a high processed diet. Naidoo and Wills (2009)
Going through the layers of the model Jo’s lifestyle seems good.
She looks healthy and is very active. She has a car which will give her ability to access work as well as social activities. Gibson (2011) Jo does have contact with social and community networks if she needs it. This can be linked to the second layer. The third layer is about living and working conditions. Social workers work with people who are needy. It can be hard to not sacrifice too much to the job. You can see that Jo is stressed out over Kim and Adam. This is damaging to health making people susceptible to high blood pressure, depression and premature death. Naidoo and Wills …show more content…
(2009)
Adam has a history of mental health problems.
(The WHO 2001) describes mental illness as “Someone mentally unhealthy if they can’t cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively or make a contribution to his or her community”. In the DVD we are not told about how severe Adams mental health condition is. I noted that when Jo wanted to talk with Kim on her own, Adam got very annoyed and hurt. He said that they were a married couple and that there should be no secrets. Learned helplessness and depression may be parallel in their symptoms. The model suggests that depression is caused by uncontrollable situations which lead to the individual’s lack of control over a situation. Murphy (1982)
The medical model I believe is a better approach. This is known as the “top – down” approach. This approach engages the patient in an ongoing basis. It determines what disease is present and devises treatments based on diagnoses. Cognitive behaviour therapy is another way of helping people who are depressed. It focuses on the holistic care of the individual taking the psychological, physical and social needs of the person into consideration. Seligman
(2003)
Kim’s smoking behaviour is not good for her own health or her babies. According to Zsuzsanna Jakab (2010) smoking during pregnancy can cause serious health problems including ectopic pregnancy, increased risk of miscarriage and stillbirth. Murphy (1982) suggested that the health belief model indicates a person’s perceived vulnerability to a health threat. Their perceived severity of the threat and the cost benefit of adopting a preventive action are central to whether an individual adopts a healthy lifestyle.
Crosby (2013) suggests that the Transtheoretical model of change assesses an individual’s readiness to act on a new healthier lifestyle. The model goes through five stages Contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and relapse. Kim will need to weigh up the pros and cons in her head and these will need to outweigh her present behaviour.
Using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as a framework I am going to assess Jo’s stress. This theory is based on a five level pyramid. Frances, Anne and freitas (2011) stated that unless basic needs are met a person cannot progress to achieve a higher level of growth and development. The next level is safety needs. I would have an issue with this because Jo went to Kim and Adams house by herself and when she arrived there was a dog. Jo’s social needs are being met as she is in regular contact with Nurses and work colleagues but she is still under stress. Davies (1998) stated that social work is an occupational hazard and is among the top three most stress related jobs. When Jo meets all her needs then she will be at Self-actualization. A big factor Jo will need to take into consideration is communication. Mc Cabe (2006) suggests that communication is the basis of our lives and we would be lost without it. In healthcare it is important that we engage in safe, effective, compassionate and respectful communication because we are dealing with vulnerable people and as a nurse and healthcare professional you are in a position of trust and it is expected of you. However at times there can be barriers to communication. For example Kim had dealings with previous social workers before and this could lead to prejudice and stereotyping. Kim stated that she “trusted Jo but then deep down you just never know”. Kim has already had three children taken off her by social workers and this could have a negative attitude towards Jo. It is important that Jo keeps her language clear and simple and easy to understand for kim and adam. Jo will have to look at this case as her job. She will have to stay strong and show little emotion if she is to help Kim and Adam.