Molar Volume Of A Gas Lab Report
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PREPARED BY: HASLIZA BINTI HASHIM I/C NO :
KOD KURSUS /COURSE CODE OUMH1303 TAJUK KURSUS /COURSE …show more content…
TITLE : ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION ------------------------------------------------- SEMESTER /SEMESTER :
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MEI/MAY 2011 (SMP KHAS)
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TABLE OF CONTENT
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INTRODUCTION
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Introduction: importance of speaking English for study and work purposes;
basic principles of effective speaking and listening skills;
various forms of oral communication in English;
purpose of the paper and overview (see the main topics and sub-topics below).
Language plays an important role in human life. One tries to acquire, learn and use language as a means of communication, and simultaneously as social symbol of humanity. By using language someone could make statements, convey facts and knowledge explain or report something, and keep social relations among the language users. These indicate that by means of language, people can express their ideas, feeling and information through communication.
As one of language in the world, English is considered and applied as international language. Since then, it is very popular and has been spoken and learnt by almost people in the world. There are some reasons why English is important and many people attempt to learn it. Some of them are: for finding job, travelling, interacting one each other, doing business, taking examination, doing research, writing in the foreign language and many more.
In such developing country like Malaysia, English has a vital role in all aspects of life, particularly in science and technology. Furthermore, it can be used for developing relationships in the international forum, for reading English book especially for students from primary school up to colleges and university, this is to tighten the relationship among nations in the world. As students and as well as a teacher, we learn English are intended to obtain various knowledge, to comprehend and understand the textbooks learned in English, to gain knowledge and skills.
How oral communication works: theories of oral communication; focus on the transactional model of oral communication; how the components of the model work together; what makes the process complex.
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2.0 HOW ORAL COMMUNICATION WORKS
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Communication can be defined as a process of transferring information, feeling, ideas and thought of a person to another individual or others group of individual.
It is an interactional process that consists of an action of sending information, receiving and exchanging the information between the sender and receiver. While many people think of communication primarily in oral or written form, communication is much more. Communication can be done in many forms either as verbal or non-verbal, such as body language, sign language, touch and eye-contact.
2.1. Types of Communication.
The purpose of communication is to get the message across to others. This is a process that involves both the sender of the message and the receiver. By successfully getting your message across, you convey your thoughts and ideas effectively. These thoughts and the ideas can be conveyed either by speaking to the other person or by writing it or by explaining through signs and symbols. There are three types of communication, refers to the figure below;
Types of Communication
Non-Verbal …show more content…
Communication
Written
Communication
Oral Communication
2.2.1 Types of communication: 1. Oral Communication - Communication done by way of speaking or by exchange of words is called oral communication. Oral communication requires the use of words, vocabulary, numbers and symbols and is organized in sentences using language. Mastering linguistic skill is not reserved for the selected few but is a skill that each and every one should develop to improve relationships and interactions. The example of oral communication as below; a. Public speaking. b. Face-to-face conversations. c. Meetings. d. Teleconferencing. e. Voice mail messages. f. Oral presentations.
2. Written Communication – Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols known as a writing system. In other word its exchange information using the written language, that is words and sentences. An example of written communication as belows; g. Memos. h. Letters. i. Minutes of meetings j. Faxes. k. E-mail. l. Reports. m. Tables. n. Chart. o. Graph.
3. Non-verbal Communication - Conveying ideas or thoughts through signs, symbols, gestures or facial expressions are called non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is the process of transmitting messages without spoken words, sometimes called body language messages can be communicated through facial expressions, gestures, gaze and posture. Non-verbal communication usually related to the following; p. Eye-contact. q. Posture. r. Appearance. s. Grooming. t. Dressing. u. Nervousness.
2.2. Models of Communication
There are three models of communication, the following;
2.2.1. Linear Model
Channel
Message
Message
Transmitters
Information source
Destination
Receiver
Noise source
Figure 2.0 : The Linear Model
The linear model views communication as a one-way or linear process in which the speaker speaks and the listener listens. LaswellÊs (1948) model was based on the linear model above, which effectively describe how communication works.
Figure 2.0 shows a linear model of communication.
Model consisted of sixth elements: 1. An information source, which produces a message. 2. A transmitter, which encodes the message into signals. 3. A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission. 4. A receiver, which 'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal. 5. A destination, where the message arrives. 6. A noise source, when distraction occurred.
2.2.2. Interactive Model
The main flaw in the linear model is that it depicts communication as a one-way process where speakers only speak and never listen. It also implies that listeners listen and never speak or send messages.
Schramm (1955) in Wood (2009) came out with a more interactive model that saw the receiver or listener providing feedback to the sender or speaker. The speaker or sender of the message also listens to the feedback given by the receiver or listener. Both the speaker and the listener take turns to speak and listen to each other. Feedback is given either verbally or non-verbally, or in both ways. This model also indicates that the speaker and listener communicate better if they have common fields of experience, or fields which overlap (see Figure 1.7).
Figure 1.7: An interactive model of communication
Source: Wood, J. T. (2009). Communication in our lives (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-
Wadsworth.
2.2.3. Transactional Model
The main drawback in the interactive model is that it does not indicate that communicators can both send and receive messages simultaneously.
This model also fails to show that communication is a dynamic process which changes over time. The transactional model shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. Each person in the communication act is both a speaker and a listener, and can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages.
COMMUNICATION: AN OVERVIEW TOPIC 1 11
There are three implications in the transactional model:
(a) „Transactional‰ means that communication is an ongoing and continuously changing process. You are changing, the people with whom you are communicating are changing, and your environment is also continually changing as well.
(b) In any transactional process, each element exists in relation to all the other elements. There is this interdependence where there can be no source without a receiver and no message without a source.
(c) Each person in the communication process reacts depending on factors such as their background, prior experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs and selfesteem.
Figure 1.8 shows a transactional model of communication that takes into
account
„noise‰ or interference in communication as well as the time factor. The outer lines of the model indicate that communication happens within systems that both communicators share (e.g., a common campus, hometown, and culture) or personal systems (e.g., family, religion, friends, etc). It also takes into account changes that happen in the communicatorsÊ fields of personal and common experiences. The model also labels each communicator as both sender as well as receiver simultaneously.
SELF-CHECK 1.3
Briefly describe the main features of the following models of communication: (a) Linear model.
(b) Interactive model.
(c) Transactional model.
1 2 TOPIC 1 COMMUNICATION: AN OVERVIEW
Figure 1.8: A transactional model of communication
Source: Wood, J. T. (2009). Communication in our lives (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-
Wadsworth.
FORMS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
Oral communication
List the main types of communication;
Describe three models of communication; and
Explain the different forms that oral communication can take
Receiver’s Field of Experience
Source’s Field of Experience
Message
Feedback
Decoder
Receiver
Encoder
Encoder
Source
Decoder
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INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
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Interpersonal communication: personal and impersonal situations; appropriate topics of conversation; listening and speaking skills and strategies.
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SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION
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Small group communication: description of functions; how small group communication is organised; group members’ roles; question and answer strategies; examples of small group communication in different social contexts (including academic context).
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PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
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Public communication (or ‘public speaking’): social contexts where public speeches occur and functions; making oral presentations; credibility of speaker and related qualities; audience analysis for effective communication.
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CONCLUSION
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Conclusion: summary of main ideas of paper; complexity of the speaking process; knowledge and skills/strategies needed for effective speaking in different social contexts; need for speech training.
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REFERENCE
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1. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/communication 2. http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication#Communication_cycle 4. http://answers.yourdictionary.com/language/what-is-communication.html 5. http://communication-skill.blogspot.com/2007/10/introduction-to-communication.html 6. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/trans.html
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PREPARED BY: HASLIZA BINTI HASHIM I/C NO :
KOD KURSUS /COURSE CODE OUMH1303 TAJUK KURSUS /COURSE …show more content…
TITLE : ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION ------------------------------------------------- SEMESTER /SEMESTER :
-------------------------------------------------
MEI/MAY 2011 (SMP KHAS)
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
TABLE OF CONTENT
-------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------
INTRODUCTION
-------------------------------------------------
Introduction: importance of speaking English for study and work purposes;
basic principles of effective speaking and listening skills;
various forms of oral communication in English;
purpose of the paper and overview (see the main topics and sub-topics below).
Language plays an important role in human life. One tries to acquire, learn and use language as a means of communication, and simultaneously as social symbol of humanity. By using language someone could make statements, convey facts and knowledge explain or report something, and keep social relations among the language users. These indicate that by means of language, people can express their ideas, feeling and information through communication.
As one of language in the world, English is considered and applied as international language. Since then, it is very popular and has been spoken and learnt by almost people in the world. There are some reasons why English is important and many people attempt to learn it. Some of them are: for finding job, travelling, interacting one each other, doing business, taking examination, doing research, writing in the foreign language and many more.
In such developing country like Malaysia, English has a vital role in all aspects of life, particularly in science and technology. Furthermore, it can be used for developing relationships in the international forum, for reading English book especially for students from primary school up to colleges and university, this is to tighten the relationship among nations in the world. As students and as well as a teacher, we learn English are intended to obtain various knowledge, to comprehend and understand the textbooks learned in English, to gain knowledge and skills.
How oral communication works: theories of oral communication; focus on the transactional model of oral communication; how the components of the model work together; what makes the process complex.
-------------------------------------------------
2.0 HOW ORAL COMMUNICATION WORKS
-------------------------------------------------
Communication can be defined as a process of transferring information, feeling, ideas and thought of a person to another individual or others group of individual.
It is an interactional process that consists of an action of sending information, receiving and exchanging the information between the sender and receiver. While many people think of communication primarily in oral or written form, communication is much more. Communication can be done in many forms either as verbal or non-verbal, such as body language, sign language, touch and eye-contact.
2.1. Types of Communication.
The purpose of communication is to get the message across to others. This is a process that involves both the sender of the message and the receiver. By successfully getting your message across, you convey your thoughts and ideas effectively. These thoughts and the ideas can be conveyed either by speaking to the other person or by writing it or by explaining through signs and symbols. There are three types of communication, refers to the figure below;
Types of Communication
Non-Verbal …show more content…
Communication
Written
Communication
Oral Communication
2.2.1 Types of communication: 1. Oral Communication - Communication done by way of speaking or by exchange of words is called oral communication. Oral communication requires the use of words, vocabulary, numbers and symbols and is organized in sentences using language. Mastering linguistic skill is not reserved for the selected few but is a skill that each and every one should develop to improve relationships and interactions. The example of oral communication as below; a. Public speaking. b. Face-to-face conversations. c. Meetings. d. Teleconferencing. e. Voice mail messages. f. Oral presentations.
2. Written Communication – Writing is the representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols known as a writing system. In other word its exchange information using the written language, that is words and sentences. An example of written communication as belows; g. Memos. h. Letters. i. Minutes of meetings j. Faxes. k. E-mail. l. Reports. m. Tables. n. Chart. o. Graph.
3. Non-verbal Communication - Conveying ideas or thoughts through signs, symbols, gestures or facial expressions are called non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is the process of transmitting messages without spoken words, sometimes called body language messages can be communicated through facial expressions, gestures, gaze and posture. Non-verbal communication usually related to the following; p. Eye-contact. q. Posture. r. Appearance. s. Grooming. t. Dressing. u. Nervousness.
2.2. Models of Communication
There are three models of communication, the following;
2.2.1. Linear Model
Channel
Message
Message
Transmitters
Information source
Destination
Receiver
Noise source
Figure 2.0 : The Linear Model
The linear model views communication as a one-way or linear process in which the speaker speaks and the listener listens. LaswellÊs (1948) model was based on the linear model above, which effectively describe how communication works.
Figure 2.0 shows a linear model of communication.
Model consisted of sixth elements: 1. An information source, which produces a message. 2. A transmitter, which encodes the message into signals. 3. A channel, to which signals are adapted for transmission. 4. A receiver, which 'decodes' (reconstructs) the message from the signal. 5. A destination, where the message arrives. 6. A noise source, when distraction occurred.
2.2.2. Interactive Model
The main flaw in the linear model is that it depicts communication as a one-way process where speakers only speak and never listen. It also implies that listeners listen and never speak or send messages.
Schramm (1955) in Wood (2009) came out with a more interactive model that saw the receiver or listener providing feedback to the sender or speaker. The speaker or sender of the message also listens to the feedback given by the receiver or listener. Both the speaker and the listener take turns to speak and listen to each other. Feedback is given either verbally or non-verbally, or in both ways. This model also indicates that the speaker and listener communicate better if they have common fields of experience, or fields which overlap (see Figure 1.7).
Figure 1.7: An interactive model of communication
Source: Wood, J. T. (2009). Communication in our lives (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-
Wadsworth.
2.2.3. Transactional Model
The main drawback in the interactive model is that it does not indicate that communicators can both send and receive messages simultaneously.
This model also fails to show that communication is a dynamic process which changes over time. The transactional model shows that the elements in communication are interdependent. Each person in the communication act is both a speaker and a listener, and can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages.
COMMUNICATION: AN OVERVIEW TOPIC 1 11
There are three implications in the transactional model:
(a) „Transactional‰ means that communication is an ongoing and continuously changing process. You are changing, the people with whom you are communicating are changing, and your environment is also continually changing as well.
(b) In any transactional process, each element exists in relation to all the other elements. There is this interdependence where there can be no source without a receiver and no message without a source.
(c) Each person in the communication process reacts depending on factors such as their background, prior experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs and selfesteem.
Figure 1.8 shows a transactional model of communication that takes into
account
„noise‰ or interference in communication as well as the time factor. The outer lines of the model indicate that communication happens within systems that both communicators share (e.g., a common campus, hometown, and culture) or personal systems (e.g., family, religion, friends, etc). It also takes into account changes that happen in the communicatorsÊ fields of personal and common experiences. The model also labels each communicator as both sender as well as receiver simultaneously.
SELF-CHECK 1.3
Briefly describe the main features of the following models of communication: (a) Linear model.
(b) Interactive model.
(c) Transactional model.
1 2 TOPIC 1 COMMUNICATION: AN OVERVIEW
Figure 1.8: A transactional model of communication
Source: Wood, J. T. (2009). Communication in our lives (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson-
Wadsworth.
FORMS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION
Oral communication
List the main types of communication;
Describe three models of communication; and
Explain the different forms that oral communication can take
Receiver’s Field of Experience
Source’s Field of Experience
Message
Feedback
Decoder
Receiver
Encoder
Encoder
Source
Decoder
-------------------------------------------------
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
-------------------------------------------------
Interpersonal communication: personal and impersonal situations; appropriate topics of conversation; listening and speaking skills and strategies.
-------------------------------------------------
SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION
-------------------------------------------------
Small group communication: description of functions; how small group communication is organised; group members’ roles; question and answer strategies; examples of small group communication in different social contexts (including academic context).
-------------------------------------------------
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
-------------------------------------------------
Public communication (or ‘public speaking’): social contexts where public speeches occur and functions; making oral presentations; credibility of speaker and related qualities; audience analysis for effective communication.
-------------------------------------------------
CONCLUSION
-------------------------------------------------
Conclusion: summary of main ideas of paper; complexity of the speaking process; knowledge and skills/strategies needed for effective speaking in different social contexts; need for speech training.
-------------------------------------------------
REFERENCE
-------------------------------------------------
1. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/communication 2. http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication#Communication_cycle 4. http://answers.yourdictionary.com/language/what-is-communication.html 5. http://communication-skill.blogspot.com/2007/10/introduction-to-communication.html 6. http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/trans.html