Polymer Chemistry Classification of Polymers – Notes prepared by The most common way of classifying polymers is to separate them into three groups - thermoplastics‚ thermosets‚ and elastomers5. The thermoplastics can be divided into two types - those that are crystalline and those that are amorphous. You may click on the words in the diagram below to learn more about these classifications. Thermoplastics Molecules in a thermoplastic are held together by relatively weak intermolecular
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9-fluorenone is reduced to and alcohol. The are two possible ways by which this reduction can occur. One is by a catalytic hydrogenation‚ this uses a catalyst such as palladium or nickel‚ hydrogen gas‚ and heat/pressure. This can reduced an alkane to alkene. This catalytic process is preferred in industrial practices because the cost is low in the long run and more importantly there is little to no waste expense. However‚ hydrogen gas is dangerous due to being very flammable/combustible. Therefore
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other halogens and interhalogens‚ RCOOH‚ HsiR3‚ alkyl‚ aryl‚ vinyl‚ and benzylhalides‚ acyls RC(O)Cl and O2. Substrates with A [pic]B usually add to the metal with retention of an A[pic]B single bond. For example‚ aldehydes‚ ketones‚ alkenes and alkynes‚ particularay with electron withdrawing substituents‚ can undergo reactions which amount to an oxidative addition to the metal: [pic] Of course the readiness of the metal center to react with potentially oxidative substrates depends
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between the pure tert-butyl chloride and not. In this experiment‚ tert-butyl chloride is synthesized from tert-butyl alcohol. Introduction Alkyl Halides (also known as halogenoalkanes or haloalkanes) are a group of chemical compounds derived from alkanes containing one or more halogens. They are a subset of the general class of halocarbons‚ although the distinction is not often made. Alkyl Halides are widely used commercially and‚ consequently‚ are known under many chemical and commercial names. A
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8.2 Chemical Earth 8.2.1 The living and non-living components of the Earth contain mixtures * Construct word and balanced formulae equations of chemical reactions as they are encountered Combustion reaction (burning) element + oxygen → oxide e.g. 4Na (S) + O2 (g) → Na2O (s) Reaction with hydrogen element + hydrogen → hydride e.g. Ca (s) + H2 (g) → CaH2 (s) Reaction between an oxide and water metallic oxide + water → hydroxide * metallic oxide is also known as “basic oxide” e.g
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economic‚ social‚ and health aspects. Alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon compound‚ which is‚ consists of C-C and C-H single bonds. Alkanes are highly combustible and it is a valuable fuel‚ and during combustion reaction‚ alkane can release a very large amount of heat and the product yield from this reaction is H2O (water)‚ and CO2 (carbon dioxide) or CO (carbon monoxide)‚ in which depends on whether the reaction is complete or incomplete. The first 4 alkanes‚ Methane‚ ethane‚ propane‚ and butane‚
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S-20 Week 1 Alkenes: Isomers and Nomenclature 1. There are 6 unique alkene isomers of the hydrocarbon C5H10. Draw each of these isomers‚ and provide a systematic name for each. 1-pentene (E)-2-pentene (Z)-2-pentene 2-methyl-1-butene 2-methyl-2-butene 3-methyl-1-butene 2. For the three alkenes above which are various isomers of pentene‚ rank them in order of stability. Explain your ranking. most stable (more subst. double bond) less stable (cis alkene is slightly less
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Discussion The dehydration of an alcohol to an alkene follows a two step elimination reaction. The first step is determines the rate of the reaction and is dependent on the formation of the carbocation. In this experiment‚ the carbocation intermediate forms as the alcoholic hydroxyl group is protonated with acid‚ and dihydrogen oxide leaves. After this unimolecular dissociation step‚ a proton from one of the adjacent carbons is captured to reform the acid catalyst‚ and the elimination reaction is
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Introduction Discovered by Georg Wittig in 1954‚ the Wittig reaction is a robust organic synthesis method for preparing stereospecific alkenes. In general‚ Wittig reactions involve an aldehyde or ketone and a Wittig reagent (triphenylphosphonium ylide) and result in the formation of an alkene product and triphenylphosphine oxide (side product). Stereospecific alkene products can be synthesized by adjusting the reaction reagents and conditions. In the 60 years since the Wittig reaction was discovered
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1 CHAPTER 1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND The main objective is to design an economic Acrylonitrile chemical plant with safer ways of processes for a minimum production rate of 100‚ 000 metric tonnes/year. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Recently‚ production of acrylonitrile has been increasing every year in many countries. The rapid growth of the industry is mainly attributed to the availability of oil and gas as feedstock‚ a well-developed infrastructure‚ and a strong base
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