Compiled SCH4U Course Review Unit 1: Atomic Structure and Bonding Section 3.3 Electron Configurations and Periodic Trends (pg. 139-157) Feb. 11 For single electron system all orbitals with the same value of have the same energy Atoms with more than 1 electron with the same value of n have different energies (sublevels) Because of interactions between additional electrons All orbitals within a sublevel have the same energy The Fourth Quantum Number: A property of the electron (spin quantum
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hydrocarbons‚ there are a number of bands that appear in the spectra of such compounds as there is a wide range of structures possible. The main infrared bands for alkanes are summarized in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Characteristic infrared bands of aliphatic hydrocarbons Wavenumber (cm−1 ) Assignment 2960 2930 2870 2850 1470 1465 1380 1305 1300 720 Alkanes Methyl symmetric C–H stretching Methylene asymmetric C–H stretching Methyl asymmetric C–H stretching Methylene symmetric C–H stretching Methyl asymmetrical
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nucleophile. The Grignard reagent can also react with RX to form a longer chain alkane. Example: CH3CH2MgBr + CH3CH2Br CH3CH2CH2CH3 + MgBr2 In general‚ basicity parallels nucleophilic strength since both of them depend on the availability of the lone pair of electrons. The Grignard reagent is not only able to function as a nucleophile; it can operate as a base too by reacting with water to form an alkane. Example: CH3CH2MgBr + H2O CH3CH3 + Mg(OH)Br Based on the diagonal relationship
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Chemistry revision Atoms elements and compounds Atom-the smallest part of an element that can still be recognized as an element Element-a substance made up of only one type of atom. An element cannot be broken down chemically into any simpler substance Nucleus-middle of the atom‚ which contains protons and neutrons Electron-tiny particle‚ which surrounds the nucleus with a negative charge Compound-when two elements react and combine together which contain more than one element. There
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of a group of straight chained alkanes to 2 branched alkanes‚ a ketone‚ an alcohol and an alkene. I plotted a graph of boiling points of straight chain alkanes against its molar mass. Here‚ it was noticed that as the molar mass increased‚ the boiling point increased as well. However‚ when I plotted the graph of the 2 branched alkanes‚ the ketone‚ alcohol and alkene‚ I noticed that they didn’t follow the same trend as the straight chain alkanes. The branched alkanes had a lower boiling point compare
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Grignard reaction Abstract: In this laboratory‚ triphenylmethanol was synthesised from reacting benzophenone and bromobenzene using Grignard reaction. As the reaction was to set up to produce a Grignard reagent and then recrystallize it to obtain pure sample. The percentage yield obtained was 55% and its melting point was 161 co which is within the literature value 160-163 co. In addition to that the IR spectroscopy confirmed the molecule structure to be triphenylmethanol. Introduction: The Grignard
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1. Give the following for the compound propane C3H8: (a) Full structural formula (b) Skeletal formula 2. Draw all the possible isomers of hexane C6H14 and give the name of each. 3. Draw the structural formulae for each of the following alkanes: (a) 2‚2- dimethylbutane (b) 2-methyl-4-ethylhexane 4. A student gave the name of a hydrocarbon as 2-methyl-2-ethylbutane. Give the correct name. 5. (a) Draw the structural formula of the most highly branched isomer of octane (b) Suggest
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Abstract In the following project we are discussing about distillation. The operation of the distillation is employed for the purification of liquids from non-volatile impurities. The liquid is heated to the vapor phase and then is collected and recondensed to give back the pure liquid .The non-volatile impurities are left behind in the flask. Here our main focus will be at the fractional distillation. It is the process in which we separate the different components of a mixture on the basis of the
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(E)-α-phenylcinnamic acid 3054 Aromatic =C-H (stretch) 5053 Aromatic =C-H (stretch) 2616-3054 Carboxylic acid O-H (stretch) 2498-3053 Carboxylic acid O-H (stretch) 1676 Carbonyl C=O (stretch) 1670 Carbonyl C=O (stretch) 1599&1493 Benzene C=C (aromatic stretch) 1597&1493 Benzene C=C (aromatic stretch) 1293 Carboxylic acid C-O (stretch) 1267 Carboxylic acid C-O (stretch) 788 Alkene =C-H bending (stretch) 786-845 Alkene =C-H bending (stretch) Pure (E)-α-phenylcinnamic acid 3054 Aromatic =C-H (stretch) 5053
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Amides R – N – H \ H R – C=O \NH2 Sulfhydryl Thiols R – SH Phosphate Organic phosphates (double bond between O and P) O R – O – P – O O Alkanes (single carbon bonds) R – C – C – H Alkenes (double carbon bonds) R – C = C – H Alkynes (triple carbon bonds) R – C = C - H Ester linkage (double bond between O and C) O R – C – O – R Ether linkage R – O – R Biochemical Molecules (Macromolecules) Carbohydrates
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