Tamoxifen‚ most commonly sold under the brand name Nolvadex‚ is the most widely used drug in the treatment of breast cancer during both early and late stages. It belongs to a class of drugs known as SERMs (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators). SERMs work by blocking the estrogen receptors in breast cells to prevent any binding with estrogen. It is consumed orally as a tablet or as a liquid (Anon.‚ 2017). The following paper discusses the discovery of Tamoxifen‚ its laboratory synthesis and mechanism of
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The primary intervention in the management of dysmetabolic syndrome consists of lifestyle modifications such as cessation of smoking‚ healthy eating of calories restricted diet and increase in physical activity (Falentin‚ 2010). In dysmetabolic syndrome‚ the main emphasis is on reducing the individual risk factors especially in patients identified as high risk of cardiovascular disease and T2DM. Riediger and Clara (2011)‚ state the importance of doctors using a screening tool for other risk factors
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with adenosine receptors in the brains makes an individual more alert. A moderate intake of caffeine results in small healthy risks while high doses could be a catalyst to negative effects like anxiety‚ insomnia‚ and tachycardia. Research has shown that caffeine is widely abused. Clinical data available suggest that withdrawal should be considered as a diagnostic manual in the United States (Reissig et al.‚ 2009). The role adenosine contributes
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this patient? CHF HR- 112 - Heart pumps harder in attempt to get more blood to the body. Fatigue- Due to less blood and oxygen to vital organs. Edema- Due to the weakness of the heart pumping less fluid to the kidneys. Kidneys release renin‚ angiotensin‚ and aldosterone which holds on to sodium and attracts fluid into the vascular system. Lung crackles: The weak heart contractions cause fluid to build up in
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blocking the majority of these receptors‚ especially the extrapyramidal syndrome (EPS) which is most bothersome to both patients and doctors putting often an end to treatment. This inconvenience is explained by the following fact: their antagonizing activity is not directed to the mesolimbic receptors specifically‚ and ends up acting on all D2 receptors in the brain causing side effects. When they block D2R in the striatal pathway‚ we have extrapyramidal symptoms resembling those of Parkinson’s disease
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of a vibration fork that is tapped along segments of the spinal nerve pathway. Which type of sensory receptor detects vibrations? Tactile receptor During anesthesia‚ a complete disruption in sensory perceptions is desired. Which of the following events is NOT associated with the sensory pathway? Action potential generation in a motor neuron Propagation of a signal Depolarization of a receptor All of the listed events are associated with the sensory pathway When you touch a hot stove‚ along which
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Introduction To Central Nervous System Neuropharmacology SPH 3014 Introduction to CNS • CNS is composed of brain and spinal cord. • Primary function are to coordinate and control the activity of other body systems. • Involved the synaptic processes which release different kind of neurotransmitters – Ach‚ NE‚ Serotonin‚ Dopamine etc – Some mental illnesses & pathological conditions are associated with abnormal changes in the amount or activity of neurotransmitter – Many drugs that
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human sense organs contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous system. Each sense organ contains different receptors. • General receptors are found throughout the body because they are present in skin‚ visceral organs (visceral meaning in the abdominal cavity)‚ muscles‚ and joints. • Special receptors include chemoreceptors (chemical receptors) found in the mouth and nose‚ photoreceptors (light receptors) found in the eyes‚ and mechanoreceptors
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The sensory receptors then receive this information‚ and transmit it to the brain using neural impulses‚ or neurotransmitters. There it is interpreted into the correct sensation. Sensations are the basic building blocks of perception. Perception is the process of organizing and making sense of our sensory input. Perception allows us to better interpret the information our sensory receptors receive‚ and form images of the world around us. Transduction is what happens when the receptors transform the
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states‚ “that the retina houses three specific color receptor cones that register a certain set of wavelengths red‚ green‚ and blue.” (C. 2014‚ March 03). While the opponent- process theory of color vision states “ that we perceive color in terms of opposite ends of the spectrum: red to green‚ yellow to blue‚ and white to black.”
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