immunofluorescence. In direct immunofluorescence‚ specific antibodies are conjugated with fluorescent compounds. The conjugated antiserum is added to tissues and thus fixed to the antigens. Unbound antibodies and non-antibody proteins are removed by washing and the preparation is observed in a fluorescence microscope. Meanwhile‚ indirect immunofluorescence‚ indirect fluorescence is a double antibody technique. The unlabeled antibodies which have bound to the antigens are visualized by a fluorescent
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1) Basic principle behind Antibody-Phage Display In antibody phage display‚ the gene encoding for an antibody is inserted into the phage coat gene of a bacteriophage. In this way‚ the bacteriophage is expected to express said antibody on its surface while containing the antibody’s gene in the phage’s genetic material. Because the antibody is now expressed on the surface of the phage‚ it is free to interact with other molecules (immobilized antigens). The antibody-displaying bacteriophage are
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vaccines to fight breast cancer is relatively new‚ however‚ and still considered experimental. A vaccine for breast cancer may consist of an antigen cocktail of weakened or essentially dead elements of breast cancer cells that could stimulate an antibody response. The cancer vaccine might be prepared from your own deactivated cancer cells‚ or from extracts of breast cancer cells cultivated in a laboratory. Vaccines like this are only available in clinical trials. But as soon as these vaccines are
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known to contain the antibodies that is special only for the antigen that has been added on originally. This is called secondary antibody and it recognizes and binds to the heavy chain of primary antibody. Then the substrate for the enzymes is added on. Quite often‚ the substrate changes color on reaction to the enzyme. Finally‚ if the serum has greater concentration of the basic antibodies‚ the change in color would also be great. ELISA is so sensitive because each primary antibody contains several
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Fluid Reabsorption There is a small net loss of fluid because of the difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure. The lymphatic system picks up fluid that leaks out of the capillaries and returns it to the circulation. Lymphatic capillaries start in capillary beds Lymphatic capillaries snake their way through capillary beds to pick up the excess fluid and return it back to the venous circulation. As fluid pressure increases‚ it forces open little flaps in the lymphatic capillaries
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1. Explain why antibodies allow scientists to target and identify specific disease agents. Specific antibodies are linked to specific antigens. Scientists can track whether or not a person has a disease through the antibodies present in the body. 2. Why is the secondary antibody used in an ELISA test conjugated with an enzyme? What happens when this enzyme meets up with its substrate? So the substrate would turn a detectable form. It catalyzes so the antibody will be easily
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can pass through the pores of capillaries and into these tissues. 6.3.6 Antibodies are protein molecules which are produced in response to a specific pathogen. Each antibody is different. It’s a Y shaped protein that attaches to the antigen on a (bacteria) cell. Steps of immune response and creation of antibodies; 1. A specific antigen type is identified 2. A specific B lymphocyte is identified that can produce an antibody which will bind to the antigen (proteins on the pathogen) 3. The B lymphocytes
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Staying Healthy- Explain 2 different ways in which your immune system can destroy invading pathogens. References http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/ocr_gateway/understanding_organisms/staying_healthyrev4.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/ocr_gateway/understanding_organisms/staying_healthyrev5.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa_pre_2011/human/defendingagainstinfectionrev4.shtml How can your body stop pathogens getting into your body
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Activity 1.1.5 ELISA 1. Explain why the antibodies allow scientists to target and identify specific disease agents. The antibodies are specific to the antigen they destroy. 2. Why is the secondary antibody used in the ELISA test conjugated with an enzyme? What happens when this enzyme meets up with its substrate? The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of the substrate and turns the solution blue. 3. Disease samples from two patients are collected and subjected to serial dilutions before
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In Human Body Systems‚ you investigated the workings of the immune system and learned how antibodies‚ specific proteins produced in response to invading antigens‚ circulate to keep us healthy. Antibodies seek out and attach themselves to invaders‚ flagging them for destruction by the immune system. These antigens are molecules foreign to the body and can include bacteria‚ viruses and fungi. Since antibodies are extremely specific to the antigens they attack‚ these proteins can be used in the laboratory
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