in the presence of phosphoric acid. The alcohol was a mixture of cis and trans isomers‚ so it might have exhibited an Evelyn effect. It was also looked at if the products showed the Zaitsev’s rule‚ where in an elimination reaction‚ the most stable alkene was favored‚ which was usually the most substituted one and also the major product‚ which was the product with more % composition that was found out in the analysis. The % composition of the yield was found out by using the % composition of the products
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gauche-staggered chair boat The second type of stereoisomerism is geometric isomerism which is common in alkenes. Geometric isomers differ in physical properties such as melting points and boiling points. ex. cis (same side) trans (opposite side) For alkenes where cis-trans configuration does not apply‚ the geometry of the alkene may be designated by E (entgegen‚ opposite) or Z (zussamen‚ together). This is applied by determining
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of the main alkanes‚ alkenes‚ alkynes and cyclic hydrocarbons. Procedure: 1. Complete the following table with similarities and differences in hydrocarbons. 2. From the table set examples of compounds in their condensed formula‚ naming them correctly. 3. Search for information about an alkane. Indicate where it comes from‚ its uses‚ effects in the environment and the way we can avoid negative impacts of this compound. Results: 1. HYDROCARBONS Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Cyclic H. Similarities
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In the reaction mechanism‚ a carboxylic acid‚ m-toluic acid is used to synthesize N‚N-diethyl-m-toluamide‚ also know as DEET‚ through a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction. The reaction begins by first converting the m-toluic carboxylic acid into an acyl chlorosulfite through a reaction using thionyl chloride. The carboxylic acid is converted into an acyl chloride because the acyl chloride is more reactive. In this step‚ hydrochloric acid is formed from a hydrogen on the carboxylic acid and a
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June 25‚ 2005 4:19 PM Notes on Theory • Alkenes o They are hydrocarbons with a C=C double bond • Double bonds are stronger and more reactive than single bonds o Hydrocarbons with double bonds used to be known as "olefins"‚ because they had an oily appearance • "Oleum" means oil • "Ficare" means make • Isomers o Geometric isomers have the same molecular formula‚ but a different geometric arrangement • They also have different physical properties o Alkenes exist as two different geometric isomers
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IGSCE Chemistry Notes Oxides Oxides are used to determine whether an element is a metal or a non-metal. Most non-metals are classed as acidic oxides. While most metals are classed as basicoxides. Acidic Oxides * Reacts with water to form acids * Neutralises alkaline solution to form salt + water Basic Oxides * Neutralises acidic solutions to form salt + water Amphoeteric Oxides * These are non-metals which display both acidic and basic properties Alkaline Oxides * Reacts
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Essential oils are volatile components associated with the aromas of seeds‚ bark‚ or roots of plants. In this experiment‚ the essential oil eugenol was isolated from ground cloves using steam distillation techniques. Eugenol had a high boiling point‚ but it was isolated at a lower temperature by performing a co-distillation with water‚ a process known as steam distillation. This technique allowed the desired material to be distilled at a lower temperature than 100℃. The point of the steam distillation
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orbitals forms the σ bond‚ and one empty p orbital forms the π bond. This process is illustrated in the figure below: Sp2 hybrid orbitals: Unhybridized p orbital: (3 σ bonds) (1 π bond) _1 _1 _1 _1 Molecules with double bonds are alkenes‚ and they have restricted rotation around the double bond so they tend to form the cis and trans geometric isomers. While both of these isomers have the same molecular formula‚ they usually vary in many physical features. Cis isomers have two identical
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Multistep Synthesis of Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone Author: Instructor: Date work performed: 10.18.2012--10.25.2012 Date work submitted: 11.01.2012 Abstract: The aim of this experiment was to perform a multistep synthesis to form tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. The first step of the reactions was to synthesize benzoin from the condensation of benzaldehyde. A yield of 28.91% benzoin was obtained. The MP of benzoin was 127O-130O C and the IR spectra displayed a carbonyl peak at 3415 cm-1
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Subject: Experiment 23: Stereochemistry of the Addition of Bromine to trans-Cinnamic Acid Introduction/Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to carry out the bromination of trans-cinnamic acid‚ to determine the stereochemistry of the dibromide product of 2‚3-dibromo-3-phenylpropanoic acid‚ and find out whether the reaction proceeds by the usual bromonium ion mechanism or some other mechanism. In this experiment trans-cinnamic acid was mixed with glacial acetic acid and stirred in which
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