bromide with the carbonyl compound. However‚ before any of this could be done‚ the refluxing apparatus for the Grignard reaction was to be flame dried until no moisture remained inside because any water would cause the reagent to decompose and an alkane to form. The reaction would subsequently fail. Drierite was placed inside a plastic drying tube as a drying agent‚ absorbing all the moisture from the solvents that would later be refluxing in the apparatus and coming out into the atmosphere. After
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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education CHEMISTRY Paper 1 Multiple Choice Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet Soft clean eraser Soft pencil (type B or HB is recommended) 0620/01 October/November 2008 45 Minutes *6400528663* READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write in soft pencil. Do not use staples‚ paper clips‚ highlighters‚ glue or correction fluid. Write your name‚ Centre number and candidate number on the
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Formation of an Alkene by Alcohol Dehydration Lab Report Balanced Chemical Equation for the Main Reaction Mechanism The acid-catalyzed dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols involves non-isolable carbocation intermediaries. In the first step of the of the reaction mechanism below‚ a phosphoric acid catalyst adds a proton to the oxygen atom of the alcohol to form an oxonium ion. The OH is converted to a better leaving group as the positive charge on the oxygen weakens the carbon-oxygen
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(Mg + CuSO4 MgSO4 + Cu). In this example‚ magnesium is above copper in the activity series so it is able to displace copper. An example of an anion replacement reaction is the reaction of bromine and potassium iodide‚ which produces potassium bromide and iodide (Br2 + 2KI 2KBr +I2). In this example‚ bromine replaces iodide in the potassium iodide
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1. Which of the following polyatomic ions have a 3-ionic charge? a. Phosphate b. Hydrogen carbonate c. Sulfate d. Hydroxide e. Nitrate 2. In which of the following is the metric unit paired with its correct abbreviation? a. Centimeter/km b. Kilogram/cg c. Millimeter/mL d. Microgram/mg e. Gram/gm 3. The number of electrons in an ion with 20 protons and an ionic charge of 2- is? a. 22 b. 18 c. 20 d. 16 e. 24 4. Which of the following is a measurement of mass in the metric system
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Please note that‚ except for the first four alkanes (n=1..4)‚ their chemical names can be derived from the number of C atoms by using Greek numerical prefixes denoting the number of carbons and the suffix "-ane". Formula | Name(s) | No. of Isomers | m.p. [°C] | b.p. [°C] | CH4 | methane (natural
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Preparation u Alcohols when heated in presence of H2SO4‚ H3PO4‚ P2O5‚ Al2O3 or BF3 undergo loss of water molecule with the formation of alkene. Conc. H2SO4 180oC H3PO4/P2O5 200oC Al2O3/BF3 350oC CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH2-CH2-OH CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH=CH2 + H2O u u Mechanism: In the first step OH group of the alcohol is protonated in a fast reversible reaction. Unlike OH group‚ protonated OH group is a good leaving group. Step 1: CH3 CH3-C-CH3 + H+ HO CH3 CH3-C-CH3 H2O+
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reactions graphically: Enthalpy change is represented by the symbol ∆H. (∆ is ‘the change in’ the ‘H’ is for enthalpy) The unit for enthalpy change is measured in Kilojoules per mole. For example if an alkane has a combustion enthalpy change of +296Kjmol-1 then the alkane takes in 296kJ of energy‚ from its surroundings‚ for every mole that is burnt. Enthalpy changes can easily be measured using equipment in a school laboratory. We can set up an experiment so that energy is transferred
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The Disappearing Spoon by Sam Kean‚ examines each of the elements on the periodic table. The Disappearing Spoon focuses on the history of the periodic table by recounting stories about each element on the table‚ and the scientist that discovered it. For each element‚ Kean provides an extensive backstory about its origin‚ the common (or uncommon) uses of the element‚ and other interesting tidbits. The author begins the novel with a general physical description of the periodic table as a whole; he
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International Journal of Environmental Science and Development‚ Vol.2‚ No.1‚ February 2011 ISSN: 2010-0264 Ozone Layer Depletion and Its Effects: A Review Sivasakthivel.T and K.K.Siva Kumar Reddy Abstract - There are many situations where human activities have significant effects on the environment. Ozone layer damage is one of them. The objective of this paper is to review the origin‚ causes‚ mechanisms and bio effects of ozone layer depletion as well as the protective measures of this
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