Identity of Cyanobacterial Toxins Cyanobacterial toxins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria‚ or blue-green algae. They include neurotoxins (e.g.‚ anatoxins)‚ hepatotoxins (e.g.‚ microcystins)‚ skin irritants and other toxins. Both hepatotoxins and neurotoxins are produced by cyanobacteria commonly found in surface water supplies and therefore appear to be of most relevance to water supplies at present.1-3 However‚ the neurotoxins are relatively unstable and‚ as such‚ are not considered to be as
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quite sufficient for a normal rate of photosynthesis. Open and Closed Stomata Sub Topics 1. Carbon Dioxide Concentration 2. Temperature 3. Chlorophyll Concentration 4. Water 5. Pollution 6. Application 7. Compensation Point Carbon Dioxide Concentration Back to Top In the atmosphere‚ the concentration of carbon dioxide ranges from .03 to .04 %. However‚ it is found that 0.1% of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases the rate of photosynthesis significantly. This is achieved in
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AP Lab #5 Plant Pigments/Photosynthesis I. Identifying the Effects of Different Variables of Light and Carbon Dioxide on the Rate of Photosynthesis and Observing the Separation of Pigments Through Chromatography II. Introduction Plants have a variety of pigments‚ all of which absorb a different color of light. The three main pigments are chlorophyll a‚ chlorophyll b and carotenoids. Chlorophyll a is the primary plant pigment that absorbs red and blue light‚ which ultimately appears green to the human eye
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closed chambers‚ greenhouses‚ open and closed field top chambers‚ and free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiments. Elevated CO2 concentrations stimulate photosynthesis‚ leading to increased plant productivity and modified water and nutrient cycles. Experiments under optimal conditions show that doubling the atmospheric CO2 concentration increases leaf photosynthesis by 30%–50% in C3 plant species and 10%–25% in C4 species‚ despite some down-regulation of leaf photosynthesis by elevated atmospheric
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US 20110313189Al (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2011/0313189 A1 Varotto et al. (54) (43) Pub. Date: 1.4-FULLERENE ADDENDS IN PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS (76) Inventors: (51) Dec. 22‚ 2011 Publication Classi?cation Int- Cl C07C 69/616 (2006.01) Appl. No.: (22) Filed: C07C 25/22 C07C 211/61 (200601) (2006.01) Barbara‚ CA (US); Jang Jo‚ Goleta‚ CA (U S) (21) Allesandro Varotto‚ Santa Barbara‚ CA (US); Fred Wudl‚ Santa
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Carbohydrates are primarily produced by plants and form a very large group of naturally occurring organic compounds. Some common examples are cane sugar‚ glucose‚ starch‚ etc. Most of them have a general formula‚ Cx(H2O)y‚ and were considered as hydrates of carbon from where the name carbohydrate was derived. For example‚ the molecular formula of glucose (C6H12O6) fits into this general formula‚ C6(H2O)6. But all the compounds which fit into this formula may not be classified as carbohydrates. Acetic acid (CH3COOH)
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The Calvin cycle is made up of three key stages. The first stage is known as the carbon fixation stage. During this stage a carbon dioxide molecule ribulose 1‚ 5 bisphosphate (RuBP). This step creates a six-carbon compound that splits into two different molecules of a three carbon compound‚ 3 phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA). The reaction is initiated by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase‚ or rubisco (Stanley 2013). The second stage
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Cellular Energetics Study Guide 1. Overall Metabolism a. Oxidation – a molecule LOSSES hydrogen‚ energy is RELEASED b. Reduction – a molecule GAINS hydrogen‚ energy is GAINED and stored (the more reduced a molecule is‚ the more energy is stored in its COVALENT BONDS) *** Always occur in a coupled pair (RED-OX)*** c. Electron Carriers i. Oxidizing Agents: are REDUCED to OXIDIZE another molecule 1. NAD+ - oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvate in glycolysis
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Subject Content Most of the objectives specified in this section relate to Knowledge with Understanding‚ although some indication has been given as to where the skills of Handling Information and Solving Problems may be developed. Teachers are reminded that‚ in the written papers‚ 40% of the marks are allocated to these higher ’thinking’ skills. In almost every section‚ students should therefore be given practice at dealing with unfamiliar situations so that these higher thinking skills can be developed
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Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease (like this one‚ Leptospira‚ which causes serious disease in livestock). However‚ certain bacteria‚ the actinomycetes‚ produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies‚ or on the roots of certain plants‚ converting nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread; bacteria help to break
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