Introduction Ethanol most commonly which is produced through the fermentation of glucose by yeast cells. Fermentation is an energy-yielding process that cells carry out in the absence of oxygen. Although fermentation does not provide much usable energy for the cell‚ it is sufficient for yeast cells. Yeast cells produce ethanol and CO 2 as byproducts‚ and the ethanol produced valuable energy source. There is much interest in ethanol as an energy alternative which are nonrenewable and contribute significantly
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archaea Eukaryotes = Fungi‚ protozoa ‚ algae (Growth:: Mitosis有絲分裂) Bacterial cell → Bacillus(rodlike) ‚ cocus (spherical)‚ spiral (curved) *P.S. 有時會star-shaped or square → 出現既形式: pairs‚ chains‚ clusters cell walls of bacteria → peptidoglycan (carbohydrate & protein complex) cell walls of plant and algal cell → cellulose Growth::Binary fission = bacteria reproduce by dividing into two equal cells bacteria 吸收nutrients from dead / living organisms/ photosynthesis / inorganic substance 佢地可以swim
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(4H1 4O) (4H + 2O + 2O) 2. What is the substrate(s) of this reaction? What is the catalyst? Substrate = H2O2 hydrogen peroxide Catalyst = peroxide 3. At what approximate temperature do enzymes normally operate in the body of a warm-blooded animal? Would your answer change if the enzyme came from a plant or yeast? Enzymes normally operate in the body of a warm-blooded animal at the range of approximately 75°F - 100°F. If the enzyme came from a plant or yeast it would probably operate at a different
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Chapter 5 The Working Cell Energy • Capacity to do work • Types of energy – – – – Kinetic energy – energy of motion Potential energy – stored energy Thermal energy - heat Chemical energy - potential energy of molecules • Thermodynamics – Study of energy Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • When an atom or molecule loses an electron‚ it is said to be oxidized – process called oxidation • When an atom or molecule gains an electron‚ it is said to be reduced – process called reduction
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The Chemistry of Life 3.1 Chemical Elements and Water 3.1.1 State that the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things are carbon‚ hydrogen‚ oxygen and nitrogen. Carbon‚ hydrogen‚ oxygen and nitrogen are the most frequently occurring chemical elements in living things. 3.1.2 State that a variety of other elements are needed by living organisms‚ including sulphur‚ calcium‚ phosphorus‚ iron and sodium. Other elements are needed by living organisms including sulphur‚ calcium
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2924 – Unit III Microbial Metabolism Chapter 8 and 9.3 I. Enzymes: - Chapter 8 A. Definition B. Characteristics C. Structure 1. Simple Enzymes 2. Conjugated Enzymes D. Nomenclature of Enzymes E. Classification of Enzymes F. Enzyme--Substrate Reactions G. Levels of Structure of Enzymes H. Conditions Affecting Enzyme Activity I. Location and Regularity of Enzyme Action 1. Exoenzymes 2. Endoenzymes 3. Constitutive Enzymes 4. Inducible Enzymes J. Regulation of Enzymatic Activity
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enzymes like catalase work to perform the breaking down‚ of other substances. We will look at enzymes and catalase and its substrate hydrogen peroxide. Catalase accelerates the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water
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LACTOSE – C12H22O11 Chemical and Biochemical Properties Lactose is very stable and inert from a chemical point of view. It has no significant tendency to react with the drug or other components of a formulation. Some remarks on the chemical properties of lactose are useful however‚ the low hygroscopicity of crystalline lactose supports its virtual chemical inertness. Most chemical reactions of lactose occur noticeably only in aqueous environment. Because lactose has a very low tendency to attract
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Metabolic pathways: An overview of cellular respiration and fermentation Chapter 6 Cellular respiration‚ photosynthesis occur in eukaryotic organelles (mitochondria‚ chloroplasts) CELLULAR RESPIRATION GLUCOSE 1 2 GLYCOLYSIS 1 PYRUVATE OXIDATION2 KREBS CYCLE 3 2 ELECTRON TRANSPORT 4 CHAIN 2 NET ATP PRODUCED = 36 Nelson‚ 2003 Redox Reactions • Reduction-oxidation reactions – Transfer electrons from donor to acceptor atoms • Donor is oxidized as it releases electrons
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CO2 production implies the substrate is undergoing glycolysis more often‚ resulting in increased ATP synthesis. For a more accurate interpretation of the results‚ glucose acted as a positive control‚ displaying the most efficiency in fermentation as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2‚ while ethanol‚ which is a byproduct of fermentation‚ acted as a negative control‚ producing no CO2. These controls were necessary in order to compare the effectiveness of alternative substrates ATP production when presented
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