of the first theories to explain the fact that all acids had similar reactions‚ was that of Arrhenius. This proposed that in aqueous solution all acids‚ to some extent (dependent on the strength of the acid)‚ split up to form a hydrogen ion and an anion‚ i.e. for an acid HX: This also emphasises the fact that water is not an inert solvent‚ but is necessary for acid–base activity. Indeed solutions of acids in many non–aqueous solvents do not show acidic properties. For example a solution of hydrogen
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Front these ions are cross the neuron cell membrane during a hyperpolarization Back Cl- K+ Page 1 Front Back these gates respond to chemical stimuli such as nerutransmitters ligand gates Front main extracellular cation Back Na+ Front portion of the peripheral nervous system is involved with smooth and cardic muscles Back autonomic nervous system Front this glial cell is important in forming the bloodbrain barrier Back astrocyte
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(Physics.uwo ‚2008‚ p6) The rate of Diffusion may vary according to the structure and materials. For instant‚ an open crystal structure with lower melting temperature materials has‚ materials with secondary bonding‚ smaller diffusing atoms and cations with lower density
Free Diffusion Molecular diffusion Atom
end is slightly negative. This causes hydrogen bonding between other hydrogen fluoride molecules. KCl – potassium chloride is a metal halide salt. The bonding between potassium and chloride is an ionic bond. The potassium becomes a cation and the chloride an anion. The potassium end of the molecule becomes slightly positive and the other end slightly negative. Na – sodium contains metallic bonding. It has a high melting due to the bonding and has strong bonds. Each sodium atom is being touched
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Reaction OH O OCH3 2) H2SO4 1) 2NaOH OH O OH 1.595 ml methyl salicylate is reacted with sodium hydroxide by heating it under reflux. The sodium ions knock the methyl group from the methyl salicylate due to the greater attraction between the sodium cation and the slightly negative charge on the oxygen compared to the O-CH3 bond that had previously existed. This reaction produces disodium salicylic acid‚ methyl hydroxide and water molecules. The sodium crystals that form are visible as the white particulate
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LEDs… Release only ONE color of light Produce very little heat What is an LED? They are semiconductor devices that can convert electrical energy directly into light due to the nature of the bonding that occurs in the semiconductor solid. Type of bonding is directly related to conductivity of solid. Bonding in Elemental Solids Electronegativity – the ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself. Atoms with low e.n. (metals) don’t hold valence electrons tightly valence
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2.4 Mechanism Of Phosphate Solubilization: In contrary to Nitrogen soluble Phosphorous is not supplied to plants by atmosphere . Due to this reason the primary and secondary minerals and/or organic compounds are the source of P to great extent. In soil solution concentration of phosphorous is least as compare to other nutrients and ranges from0.001 to 1mg/ml Brady and Weil (2002 ).There are widely three categories of P compounds in soil: (i) compounds which are inorganic‚ (ii) organic compounds
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SYNTHESIS AND CHEMISTRY OF K2S2O8 ABSTRACT In this experiment‚ a sample of K2S2O8 was prepared by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of H2SO4 and K2SO4. The peroxodisulfate anion‚ S2O82-‚ was also observed for its ability to serve as a counterion for precipitation by preparing a copper (II) complex by reacting hydrated copper (II) sulfate with ammonium peroxodisulfate in the presence of pyridine. This same ability‚ coupled with its strong oxidizing ability allowed for stabilization of
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Latest Invention: Tea Bag that Uses Nanotechnology to Clean Drinking Water One of the latest inventions developed by researchers from Stellenbosch University in South Africa is a one of a kind "tea bag" that makes use of nanotechnology to clean drinking water‚ making it free from contaminants and bacteria. It would be interesting to note that the "tea bag" is made of the same material that is used to make the actual tea bags. The only difference is that in the Stellenbosch researchers’ invention
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containing ψ from a beige precipitate that turned out to be mostly CA with some side products. The resulting supernatant was purified using reverse phase chromatography to isolate ψ as its DBU salt. Once dried‚ the crude product was ran through a cation exchange column using 0.1% formic acid to remove DBU to obtain ψ as its free acid form. Next‚ the purified compound was subjected to a Fischer esterification reaction with isopropanol to form the isopropyl ester under acidic conditions (Figure 5)
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