a limited number of different side-chain chemical groups are available to function as catalysts. The myriad of enzyme-catalyzed reactions results from the ability of most of these groups to function either as nucleophilic‚ electrophilic‚ or general acid–base catalysts‚ and the key to their adapted chemical function lies in their states of protonation. Ionization is determined by the intrinsic pKa of the group and the microenvironment created around the group by the protein or RNA structure‚ which
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the interface of two layers for all carbohydrates. BENEDICT’S TEST CARBOHYDRATES - Starch Glucose - Starch is a polymer of D-glucose units bound by glycosidic linkages. Cellulose Glucose - Breakage of the β-1‚4-glycosidic bonds by acids leads to the hydrolysis of cellulose polymers‚ resulting in the sugar molecule glucose or oligosaccharides. - Intramolecular reaction: C = O group and one of the –OH groups Test for carbohydrates; time for the formation of osazone gives
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Proteins are constructed from a set of 20 amino acids‚ each amino acid has a common core structure and a side chain. The core is made up of 3 different components a hydrogen atom‚ an amino functional group‚ and a carboxyl functional group. The core is the same in all 20 amino acids‚ but the side chain makes each amino acid different. There are four different types of side chains acidic‚ basic‚ uncharged polar‚ and nonpolar. These different amino acids link together
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Life’s Puzzling Origins The prebiotic soup theory has dominated the thinking about how life has emerged over the past century. However‚ the discovery of extraterrestrial amino acids in the Muchison meteorite in 1970 has widened the scope of this debate. Adding further complexity to the origin of life‚ there is a schism over whether proteins of living cells or the genetic information was a precursor to the other. These debates have raised key questions over which conditions most favored the emergence
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codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon ______. a. TCA b. TCU c. AGT d. AGU e. UCA 4. If the sequence of an mRNA is AUGUUUACUCCA‚ what is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide translated from it? Use the genetic code in your text. a. Met-Phe-Thr-Pro b. Met-Thr-Arg-Thr c. Met-Ser-Thr-Arg d. Met-Trp-Thr-Arg e. Met-Ser-Phe-Thr 5. What is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide
Free DNA RNA Protein
first time. The second part of the study involves the analyses of these graphs in terms of clusters of interacting residues and the identification of highly connected residues (hubs) along the protein–DNA interface. A predominance of deoxyribose–amino acid clusters in b-sheet proteins‚ distinction of the interface clusters in helix–turn–helix‚ and the zipper-type proteins would not have been possible by conventional pairwise interaction analysis. Additionally‚ we propose a potential classification
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transfer amino acids during the next step. -Ribosomal RNA makes up part of a ribosome. b. Transcription takes place in the nuclease 6. Translation takes place in the cytoplasm. 7. –Free ribosomes produce proteins used within the cell. - RER ribosomes produce proteins that are used in the plasma membrane 8. The role of the tRNA molecule is to carry amino acid to the ribosome; also has a complementary code. 9. A Condon is a triplet strand of MRNA; may act as a code for single amino acid; the
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be your amino acids. 5. Connect the Pop-It® beads to build the chain of amino acids that code for your sentence (leave out the start‚ stop‚ and space regions). T: blue:yellow:green E: red:green:red A: green:red:green I: Blue:red:blue S: red:blue:yellow A:green:red:green N: yellow:green:yellow E: red:green:red V:green:yellow:green E: red:green:red R: yellow:green:red E:red:green:red V: green:yellow:green E: red:green:red R: yellow:green:red 6. How many different amino acids did you
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BIOLOGY REVIEW UNIT 1 BIOCHEMISTRY 1) Describe the structure of an atom and compare this to the structure of an ion. * Atoms have protons and neutrons in their nucleus making them electrically neutral 2) Complete the following table Element Name | Boron | Oxygen | Beryllium | Sodium | Symbol | B | O | Be | Na | Atomic # | 5 | 8 | 4 | 11 | # of Protons | 5 | 8 | 4 | 11 | # Neutrons | 6 | 8 | 5 | 12 | Total # electrons | 5 | 8 | 4 | 11 | #Electrons in 1st Shell | 2 |
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The basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids‚ the biuret reaction tests for protein. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a sample then a few drops of copper sulphate solution‚ if positive – the solution will turn mauve. There are 20 different amino acids and they can be joined in any order. Therefore there can be many different functions. A protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains (a polypeptide chain being multiple amino acids joined together via condensation‚ producing
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