Task 3: The chemical tests used in order to carry out and collect these results are useful for the simple identification of colourless organic liquids and ones that are often found at the scenes of crime. The first test carried out was the Lucas test which was used to identify a variety of alcohols following the contribution of a given solution‚ from carrying this out I could then identify that primary and secondary alcohols were present with one tertiary alcohol also being present however despite
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Separation techniques LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ‘THE ART OF SEPARATION’ CHROMATOGRAPHY – AN INTRODUCTION Chromatography is a technique through which a mixture of chemical components are separated‚ identified and determined accurately. This technique while provides a way for analytical separations‚ also useful for preparative techniques by which pure compounds can be obtained. Detector Signal Blue Compound Sample Injection + Mobile Phase Retention Time Red Compound It is i defined d fi d as a
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Experiment 1 Stereochemistry Stereochemistry is the study of the three-dimensional configuration that makes up a molecule and the ways in which this arrangement affects the physical and chemical properties of molecules. Isomerism is the main concern of stereochemistry. Isomers are sets of chemical compounds with identical molecular formulas but different structural properties. There are two types of isomers‚ structural isomers and stereoisomers. Structural isomers are subdivided into two:
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atmosphere. Oxygen accounts for nearly half of the mass of the earth’s crust‚ two thirds of the mass of the human body and nine tenths of the mass of water. Large amounts of oxygen can be extracted from liquefied air through a process known as fractional distillation. Oxygen can also be produced through the electrolysis of water or by heating potassium chlorate
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CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination CAPE ® CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS Unit 1 - effective for examinations from May/June 2007 Unit 2 - effective for examinations from May/June 2008 CXC A11/U2/06 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced‚ stored in a retrieval system‚ or transmitted in any form‚ or by any means electronic‚ photocopying‚ recording or otherwise without prior permission
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A carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon‚ hydrogen‚ and oxygen‚ usually with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words‚ with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. The carbohydrates (saccharides) are divided into four chemical groupings: monosaccharides‚ disaccharides‚ oligosaccharides‚ and polysaccharides. In general‚ the monosaccharides and disaccharides‚ which are smaller (lower molecular weight) carbohydrates‚ are commonly referred to as sugars.
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Chem 30A Ch.1-4: Condensed Chang’s Class Notes Chapter 1 Valence electrons octet rule exceptions P and S can have 10 or 12 valence e- B and Al (Group 3) can have 6 valence e- electronegativity- how much an atom wants e- < 0.5 = nonpolar‚ covalent (i.e. H2) 0.5 - 1.9 = polar covalent direction of polarity (using arrow and delta symbol) overall dipole > 1.9 = ionic formation of ions fish-hook arrow Lewis structure formal charge Functional Groups Molecular Shape VSEPR (Valence Shell
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------------------------------------------------- Abstract Nanofluids‚ the fluid suspensions of nanomaterials‚ have shown many interesting properties‚ and the distinctive features offer unprecedented potential for many applications. This paper summarizes the recent progress on the study of nanofluids‚ such as the preparation methods‚ the evaluation methods for the stability of nanofluids‚ and the ways to enhance the stability for nanofluids‚ the stability mechanisms of nanofluids‚ and presents
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ethylene: ▪ ethylene + hydrogen fluoride [pic] fluoroethane ▪ C2H4 (g) + HFl (g) [pic]C2H5Fl (g) – Reaction of cyclohexene with bromine water: ▪ cyclohexene + bromine water[pic] 2-bromo-1-cyclohexane ▪ C6H10 (l) + Br2 (aq) [pic] C6H10Br2 (aq) – Reaction of cyclohexane with bromine water (subsitution reaction‚ only under sunlight‚ that is UV light): ▪ C6H12 (l) + Br2(aq) [pic]C6H11Br(aq) + HBr(aq) • Fermentation and combustion of ethanol: –
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LECTURE 1: BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Adonis Yatchew yatchew@chass.utoronto.ca www.economics.utoronto.ca/yatchew 150 St. George Street‚ Room 278 © A. Yatchew 2 Energy and Environment are Fundamentally Interdisciplinary The study of energy is intrinsically interdisciplinary in nature – many disciplines inform our understanding of energy. The theoretical and applied sciences underpin the fundamental potentialities of energy and their impacts‚ both beneficial and detrimental
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