Functions and structure of plant terpenes Terpenes are an enormous class of organic compounds‚ that are produced by a wide variety of plants and fungi‚ especially conifers. Terpenes are also produced by some of the living organisms‚ like swallowtail butterflies. They emit terpenes from their osmeterium. Terpenes are important materials for a plant as components of its body and as a material to protect it from external enemies since it has a strong smell and colorless. Terpenes are found in biological
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to be one of the less explored environments in terms of microbial biodiversity. As a unique intertidal ecosystem‚ mangroves can be important sources of novel microorganisms and products. The Actinomycetes on the other hand‚ are well known secondary metabolite producers and hence of high pharmacological and commercial interest. Isolation of Actinomycetes from SedimentMethicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) frequently causes nosocomial infections‚ is often resistant to most of the antibiotics
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which in turn produces the mycotoxins in different types of feeds and their ingredients‚ both in field and during storage. Aflatoxins are the commonest amongst mycotoxins and are secondry metabolites produced by some strains of toxigenic fungi viz. Aspergillus Flavous and Aspergilleis parasiticus. These toxic metabolites produced by moulds naturally in cereals and animal feed
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Bacteria are the most numerous type of microorganism found in the rhizosphere of the soil. They produce secondary metabolites which are capable of producing antibiotic which eventually inhibit or kill bacteria. The rhizosphere region of the soil is a highly favorable habitat for the proliferation‚ activity and metabolism of numerous microorganisms. The magnitude of this area depends on the plant and the size of the roots that the plant possesses. Bacteria are among the microorganisms living in the
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Immunomodulation; Bioenhancers According to Gupta‚ P. D.‚ & Birdi‚ T. J. (2017)‚ Crude substance that you get from medicinal plants could be of use as an alternative source of resistance making basic changes agents owing to the broad subspecies of secondary metabolites. Gupta‚ P. D.‚ & Birdi‚ T. J. (2017) further explained that these
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Biodegradation OF Xenobiotics . OVERVIEW Microorganisms play an important role in the removal of synthetic organic compounds from the environment. This chapter gives an overview of the evolution of biodegradation pathways and describes the strategies that microorganisms have evolved to transform important molecular structures. The actual effectiveness of biodegradation in the environment is determined by the bioavailability of the
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screening process whereby plants are more likely to survive if they synthesize potent compounds which deter animals or insects from eating them. Most of these potent compounds are considered secondary metabolites which‚ often incorrectly‚ tagged as nonessential to plant life. On the contrary‚ secondary metabolites serve a wide variety of important roles such as defense and communication. The diversity of Philippine plants is exceptional‚ however‚ few have been studied extensively for their chemical
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oxidized either to aldehydes (R-CHO) (e.g. acetaldehyde) or to carboxylic acids (R-CO2H)‚ while the oxidation of secondary alcohols (R1R2CH-OH) normally terminates at the ketone (R1R2C=O) stage. Tertiary alcohols (R1R2R3C-OH) are resistant to oxidation. Ethanol’s toxicity is largely caused by its primary metabolite‚ acetaldehyde (systematically ethanal)[2][3] and secondary metabolite‚ acetic acid.[3][4][5][6] All primary alcohols are broken down into
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Army Ants | | | | | | There are over 200 known species of army ant‚ divided into New World and Old World types. All are members of the true ant family Formicidae. New World army ants belong to the subfamily Ecitoninae. This subfamily is further broken into two groups‚ Cheliomyrmex and the Ecitonini. The Ecitonini group contains three genera‚ Neivamyrmex‚ Nomamyrmex‚ Labidus‚ and Eciton‚ the genus after which the group is named (Brady‚ 2003‚ Tree of Life). The most predominant species
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nitrogen sources‚ minerals and oxygen and their conversion to cell biomass‚ metabolic products. Based on this information‚ it should be possible to calculate the minimum quantities of each element required to produce a certain quantity of biomass and metabolite. Once the nutritional
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