types of reactions: 1. addition of oxygen 2. removal of hydrogen 3. increase in valency (how easily an atom can combine with other chemical species) Reduction → the gain of electrons → always happens at cathode (negative electrode) → think catHode (H2 produced in the electrolysis of water xp) An oxidising agent is a substance that allows oxidation (the loss of electrons) to occur by being reduced (by taking in those electrons) e.g. hydrogen peroxide (hair bleaching)‚ oxygen (respiration) Real Life
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NaF‚ is soluble any anion + hydrogen ion [H+ (aq)] = soluble hydrogen chloride‚ HCl‚ is soluble any anion + ammonium ion (NH4) = soluble ammonium chloride‚ NH4Cl‚ is soluble nitrate NO3- + any cation = soluble potassium nitrate‚ KNO3‚ is soluble acetate (CH3COO-) + any cation (except Ag) = soluble sodium acetate‚ CH3COONa‚ is soluble Chloride (Cl-)‚ Bromide (Br-)‚ Iodide (I-) + Ag+‚ Pb2+‚ Hg2+‚ Cu+‚ Tl+ = low solubility (insoluble) silver chloride‚ AgCl‚ forms a white precipitate
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What is hairspray made of? Hairspray is a solution of long‚ chainlike molecules (called polymers) in a very volatile solvent. Spraying deposits a stiff layer of the polymer on your hair after the solvent evaporates. The solvent used was once a compound of carbon‚ fluorine‚ and chlorine (a chlorofluorocarbon‚ or CFC). CFCs are nontoxic‚ nonflammable‚ and make almost ideal aerosol propellants. But when it was learned that they causedestruction of stratospheric ozone‚ they were replaced with other
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IGSCE Chemistry Notes Oxides Oxides are used to determine whether an element is a metal or a non-metal. Most non-metals are classed as acidic oxides. While most metals are classed as basicoxides. Acidic Oxides * Reacts with water to form acids * Neutralises alkaline solution to form salt + water Basic Oxides * Neutralises acidic solutions to form salt + water Amphoeteric Oxides * These are non-metals which display both acidic and basic properties Alkaline Oxides * Reacts
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• highlight the environmental effects of polyhalogen compounds. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Haloarenes Halogenated compounds persist in the environment due to their resistance to breakdown by soil bacteria. 10 Unit The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in a hydrocarbon‚ aliphatic or aromatic‚ by halogen atom(s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene)‚ respectively. Haloalkanes contain halogen atom(s) attached to the sp3 hybridised carbon atom of
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Chemistry * a science that dealing with the structure‚ composition and properties of items and with the transformations that they undergo * the composition and chemical properties of a substance * chemical processes and phenomena (as of an organism) Examples: - Digestion; enzymes promoting chemical reactions that power our bodies. Lifting your arm requires your body to make and burn ATP using oxygen with carbon dioxide as one of the waste gases produced. - The internal combustion
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ore? (A) (B) (C) (D) FeO (s) + SiO2 (s) → FeSiO3 (l) 2CuFeS2 (s) + 5O2 (g) → 2Cu (l) + 2FeO (s) + 4SO2 (g) Cu → Cu2+ + 2e– CuO (s) + Mg (s) → MgO (s) + Cu (s) 4 Which of these processes is endothermic? (A) (B) (C) (D) decomposition of silver chloride to silver and chlorine burning methane condensing steam adding
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Enthalpy changes can be calculated using average bond enthalpy data. i) The enthalpy change to convert methane into gaseous atoms is shown below. [pic] Calculate the average bond enthalpy of a C—H bond in methane. [1] ii) Use the data in the table below and your answer to (a)(i) to calculate the enthalpy change for [pic] [3] [pic] b) The standard enthalpy of formation of 1‚2-dibromoethane‚ CH2BrCH2Br‚ is – 37.8 kJmol-1. Suggest the main reason for
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ical Chemistry 1.which of the following pairs of compound will react? iC3H6+Br2 iiC3H6+Cl2 in sunlight iiiC3H6+H2O in the presence of sulphuric acid ivC3H6+H2O in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid a.i b.i‚iii c.i‚ii‚iii d.all 2.liqiud y reacts with magnesium metal to produce a gas that burns with a pop sound when a flaming wooden splint is placed near it.liqiud y is most likely a compound that has the formula a.c2h5oh b.hcooh c.h3cooch3 d.c6h14 3.a compound p has the
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Mark Scheme (Results) Summer 2012 International GCSE Chemistry (4CH0) Paper 1C Science Double Award (4SC0) Paper 1C Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 Certificate Chemistry (KCH0) Paper 1C Science (Double Award) (KSC0) Paper 1C Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications come from Pearson‚ the world’s leading learning company. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic‚ vocational‚ occupational and specific programmes for employers. For further information‚
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