has a much shorter chain of nucleotides. However‚ RNA can‚ by complementary base pairing‚ form intrastrand double helixes‚ as in tRNA. While DNA contains deoxyribose‚ RNA contains ribose (in deoxyribose there is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2’ position). These hydroxyl groups make RNA less stable than DNA because it is more prone to hydrolysis. The complementary base to adenine is not thymine‚ as it is in DNA‚ but rather uracil‚ which is an unmethylated form of thymine.[1]
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Squalene is a linear triterpene formed via the MVA or MEP biosynthetic pathway and is widely distributed in bacteria‚ fungi‚ algae‚ plants‚ and animals. Metabolically‚ squalene is not only used as a precursor in the synthesis of complex secondary metabolites such as sterols‚ hormones‚ and vitamins‚ but also as a carbon source in aerobic and anaerobic fermentation in micro-organisms. Owing to the increasing roles of squalene as an antioxidant‚ anticancer‚ and anti-inflammatory agent‚ the demand for
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development of living organisms. Some viruses have RNA as their genetic code. DNA structure DNA is a polymer‚ made up of many monomers called nucleotides which link together by condensation reactions. A nucleotide is composed of a pentose sugar called deoxyribose‚ a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Nucleotides link together by a phosphodiester bond. Four types of bases occur in DNA. Two of the bases are purines - adenine and guanine. The pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. The pyrimidines
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Lastly‚ ATP synthase‚ which spans the membrane‚ allows the H+ ions to go through it. As they go through‚ the synthase spins and rotates and binds an ADP to a phosphate group‚ producing ATP. Specifically‚ the Light Reactions can either follow a noncyclic electron pathway or a cyclic electron pathway. During the noncyclic electron pathway‚ PII absorbs solar energy‚ which is passed along pigments until it is concentrated in a particular pair of chlorophyll a molecules‚ called the reaction center
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Polymers of monosaccharides (polysaccharides) Energy storage Structural chitin starch glycogen Purple pages F23 cellulose BIO 1140 – SLIDE 2 http://www.mpie.de/index.php?id=2957 Monosaccharides CnH2nOn n = 3 to 7 Trioses‚ pentoses and hexoses most common Linear vs ring configuration Asymmetrical C isomers glyceraldehyde ribose D-glucose -D-glucose ß-D-glucose Fig. 2.13 BIO 1140 – SLIDE 3 Purple pages F20-21 Polysaccharides Glycosidic bond C1 to C4
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within the orderly environment of the cell. a. The chemistry of life is organized into metabolic pathways Metabolic pathways begin with a specific molecule‚ which is then altered in a series of defined steps to form a specific product. A specific enzyme catalyzes each step of the pathway. Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration‚ in which the sugar glucose is broken down in the presence
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Chapter 8 Metabolism Thousands of biochemical reactions All require Metabolism transforms matter & energy & obeys the laws of physics Several steps from starting reactant to product Metabolic Pathway 3 steps Each is a separate reaction carried out by a unique and specific enzyme Catabolic Break down complex molecules into simpler ones Release energy Anabolic Build molecules up Consume energy Energy The capacity to cause change Many forms in which some we can use to do work Convert energy from one
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Triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the energy form that the human body uses for biological processes such as movement and synthesis of biomacromolecules. In regards to running a marathon‚ the athlete is capable of using a combination of both anaerobic and aerobic pathways‚ but these different systems predominate at different intervals in order to increase the energy allowed for the muscles. At the beginning of the race‚ the athlete’s body is metabolising fats. Fats is the preferred energy source of some tissues
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and steroids‚ such as testosterone‚ estrogen‚ and cholesterol)‚ Proteins (including enzymes‚ lipoproteins‚ glycoproteins‚ structural proteins‚ hormones‚ etc)‚ and Nucleotides ( nucleotides join to form nucleic acids‚ which‚ along with a sugar and phosphate group‚ build DNA‚ RNA‚ and ATP) Problem Statement: 1. Will making models help to better understand the form and function of these 4 types of biological molecules and their subgroups? Hypothesis: 1. Yes‚ I think that making the molecules
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experiment‚ we tested how 8.75% glucose + 1.25% NaCl‚ 8.75% glucose + 1.25% glucose-6-phosphate‚ 8.75% glucose + 1.25% citric acid‚ and yeast solution‚ all mixed with distilled water‚ affect carbon dioxide volumes and respiratory rate. Our results indicate that with time‚ carbon dioxide volumes decrease in the presence of heat‚ some much faster than others. We can also conclude that oxygen‚ glucose-6-phosphate‚ and the positive control are the least resistant to decreased respiratory rate when
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