system‚ the glycolytic system‚ or the oxidative system. On the off chance that exhausted‚ it must be renewed if additional muscle withdrawal is to proceed. Since we are talking about ATP Pathways‚ I needed to additionally clarify what the word means and how it identifies with the theme being examined. The word pathway is utilized to demonstrate that the combinations are not
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adenosine plus a tail of three phosphate groups. The triphosphate tail is the end of ATP and each phosphate group is negatively charged. The Negative charges repel each other. The crowding of negative charges in the triphosphate tail contributes to the potential energy of ATP. For ATP power‚ it is release of the phosphate at the tip of the triphosphate tail that makes energy available to working cells. What remains is ADP‚ adenosine diphosphate. The transfer of a phosphate from the triphosphate tail
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first broken down into fructose 1 phosphate by the enzyme fructokinase. Then fructose 1 phosphate is further broken down into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde by the enzyme aldolase b. (Hudon-Miller‚ 2012). At this point‚ DHAP and glyceraldehyde enter the glycolysis cycle where they can be further processed into ATP‚ the body’s main source of energy. Deficiency in aldolase b Aldolase b is the enzyme which breaks down fructose 1 phosphate into DHAP and glyceraldehyde.
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Unit 1: Biochemistry Review Chemical Bonding Three types of bonds Ionic bond: 2 oppositely charged atoms (Na and Cl) Polar covalent: Unequally shared electrons (H and O) Non polar covalent: Equally shared electrons (C and C) or similar electronegativity Electronegativity and chemical bonding Electronegativity is a measure of the strength in which an atom can attract electrons. A difference of < 0. 5 is non polar covalent bond A difference of 0.5 – 1.7 is polar covalent bond A difference of > 1
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1. Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway through which glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized to pyruvate (CH3COCOO−). It takes place in the cytosol of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. During the first steps of glycolysis‚ 2ATP molecules are used to attach two phosphates to the glucose molecule‚ leaving a 6-carbon sugar diphosphate and 2 ADP molecules. Afterwards‚ the 6-carbon sugar diphosphate is split into two 3-carbon sugars by the enzyme Isomerase. The two 3-carbon sugar molecules then both undergo
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Light Dependent Reactions The light dependent reaction of photosynthesis involves the transfer of sunlight energy into two things: The production of ATP Reduction of coenzyme NADP to NADPH NADP – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH – Reduced NADP The energy from sunlight is used to excite an electron‚ within a primary pigment‚ to a higher energy level. The excited electron is then donated to an electron acceptor leaving the chlorophyll molecule oxidised and reducing the acceptor
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Biology Final Review Chapter 1 Biology unifies much of natural science * Living systems: most complex chemical systems on Earth * Constrained by properties of chemistry and physics * Science is becoming more interdisciplinary (combining multiple fields) 7 characteristics of all living organisms 1. Composed of cells 2. Complex and ordered 3. Respond to their environment 4. Can grow‚ develop‚ and reproduce 5. Obtain and use energy 6. Maintain internal balance
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Describe the structure of DNA. DNA really stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is a right handed double helix. Nucleotides that mount together by phosphodiester bonds make up DNA. It also contains a spiral strand that is made of phosphate backbone and secure bases (Adenine‚ Guanine‚ Cytosine‚ Thymine). Cytosine and Thymine are Pyrimidines‚ while Adenine and Guanine are Purines. All these bases are latched to one another by hydrogen bonding. A::T G::C each represent the
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Chapter 5: Solutions‚ Colloids‚ and Membranes Chapter Summary Mixtures and Solutions * A mixture maintains its identity regardless of the proportions of its components. * A mixture can be separated into its pure components through physical separation techniques. * The components are distributed uniformly throughout a homogenous mixture. * The components are not distributed uniformly throughout a heterogeneous mixture. * A solution is composed of a solvent and one or more solutes
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Bio 1011 Cells Exam #1 Answer the multiple choice questions on the scantron sheet. Select the one choice that best answers the question. Answer the short answer questions in the space provided at the end of the exam. 1. Which of the following is the SMALLEST? a. a bacterium b. a ribosome c. a hexose sugar d. a water molecule e. a yeast cell 2. The four main families of small inorganic molecules in cells are a. salts‚ sugars‚ fatty acids‚ amino acids‚ nucleotides b.
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