1. EGG INOCULATION The fertile hen’s egg can be used to cultivate and propagate various types of viruses. Because of the ability to alter their tropism and to adapt to a new host species‚ many viruses become capable of growing in chick embryo tissues wherein they frequently attain a much higher concentration than in the tissues of the natural host. STRUCTURE OF AN EGG The extra-embryonic membranes of the chick embryo arise from three germinal layers: the endoderm‚ mesoderm and ectoderm
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Because of the feature of active site‚ each kind of enzymes therefore is specific for a particular reaction. However‚ there are several factors affect the rate of enzyme reactions‚ they are temperature‚ pH‚ concentration of enzyme‚ concentration of substrate and inhibitors. High temperature and pH affects the structure of enzyme‚ irreversible denaturation occurs‚ the shape of active site is changed‚ enzymes therefore no longer function. The effect of the other factors is slowing down the rate of enzyme
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molecules are broken down by hydrolysis reactions (breakdown with water). Saliva also contains mucus‚ which lubricates and helps hold together chewed food in a clump called a bolus. Hydrogencarbonate is also present in the mouth; this maintains an ideal pH for amylase to work in (pH6.5-7.5). Finally‚ as the tongue is muscular it can move food‚ so it therefore pushes food back to where it is swallowed. IN THE OESOPHAGUS: The oesophagus or gut is a muscular tube which leads from the mouth to the stomach
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subjected to ammonium sulphate precipitation at 70% (w/v). The pellet so obtained was resuspended in cold saline (2 ml) and dialysed. The dialysed enzyme was loaded onto a column of Sephadex G-50 (120 cm × 1.0 cm) equilibrated with 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer‚ pH 8. The column was eluted at a flow rate of 1 ml / 6 min. The elution profile of gel filtration chromatography is shown in the (Fig: 1). The fractions collected were determined for its total protein concentration and fibrinolytic enzyme activity. The
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gradient so that the drugs are constantly removed into the blood stream pH in stomach about 2 Implication: weak acids absorbed readily‚ weak bases not absorbed as readily Implication: some of the drugs may not be able to suvive that acidic environment. & they may disintegrate in that environment. For sch drugs‚ stomach may not be suitable. Pepsin and Trypsin = enzymes which break down peptides (they are proteases) Trypsin will chop off the proteins after basic amino acids & pepsin will chop them
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measles virus. Measles Virus is a Paramyxovirus‚ of the genus Morbillivirus. It is single-stranded RNA virus‚ and is closely related to the rinderpestand canine distemper viruses. Measles virus is rapidly inactivated by heat‚ light‚ acidic pH‚ ether‚ and trypsin (an enzyme). It has a short
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enzyme concentration‚ temperature and pH on hydrolysis and solubilization of corn gluten as well as enzyme stability. The corn gluten was hydrolyzed by Alcalase enzyme (a bacterial protease produced by a selected strain of Bacillus licheniformis) that was chosen among five commercial enzymes examined. The optimum process conditions for hydrolysis and solubilization were obtained as 30 g L–1 substrate mass concentration‚ 2.5 mL L–1 enzyme concentration‚ 55 °C and pH 8. Under these conditions‚ the values
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“Denaturation of Proteins” Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state‚ by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base‚ a concentrated inorganic salt‚ an organic solvent (e.g.‚ alcohol or chloroform)‚ or heat. If proteins in a living cell are denatured‚ this results in disruption of cell activity and possibly cell death. Denatured proteins
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cells of organisms. Many of these reactions can also be carried out in the laboratory‚ but outside the cell‚ they are often much slower. To speed up these reactions so they would take place as fast as they do in cells would require temperatures or pHs that are inconsistent with life. How then is it possible for reactions to occur in cells at rates fast enough to meet the needs of the body? The answer is that cells produce special proteins known as enzymes that catalyze biological reactions‚ markedly
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examined depending on the changes in pH and temperature. In the first part of the experiment‚ the effect of temperature was determined‚ using constant temperature bath (4‚ room temp‚ 37‚ 50‚ 60‚ and 70°C). Having the room temp and 50°C as the highest and 37°C as infinite. In the second part of the experiment‚ the effect of pH was examined. Using the buffered solutions: acetate solutions (pH 4 and 5)‚ phosphate buffer (pH 6.7 and 8)‚ and bicarbonate buffer (pH 10). The results were recorded having
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