Functionally‚ eukaryotic genomes can be described as much larger and more complex than prokaryotic genomes. This means regulation is a lot more demanding and intensive within the eukaryotic genome. Due to its complex nature‚ eukaryotic gene regulation can bring genetic changes in its product that affect gene expression‚ phenotypic outlook‚ and advances in biotechnology. This can be thought of as an evolutionary advantage to organisms in an unstable environment. Gene regulation in eukaryotes is a
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Exam Review – January 2013 Diversity Unit - List taxonomic ranks in order. What is the significance of this order? Domain‚ Kingdom‚ Phylum‚ Class‚ Order‚ Family‚ Genus‚ Species. Classification of species: kingdoms contain many different types of organisms‚ each taxon contains progressively fewer types of organisms‚ taxon “species” is narrowest category‚ containing only one type of organism. As you go from kingdom to species‚ organisms share more and more in common. - Explain and give an example
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Reproductive roles Male’s job is to get the sperm to the egg The sperm are specialized to deliver the male’s genes to the egg Female’s job is to produce a gamete (egg) containing the female’s genes Egg is specialized to nourish the embryo Egg is large and contains nutrients Egg must be moved along Female must also nourish and protect the embryo and fetus This is the job of the uterus Male reproductive strategy: Produce millions of gametes and hope that one makes it to the egg Female reproductive
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trait‚ with the aid of restriction enzymes. Then a recipient plant or animal is selected‚ and the gene is inserted and incorporated into its genome through a vector such as agrobacterium‚ through a gene gun shooting an elemental particle covered in plasmid DNA‚ electro oration‚ or a virus. Once part of the recipient‚ the newly inserted gene becomes part of the genome of the recipient and is regulated in the same way as its other genes. For example‚ we can isolate a gene responsible for conferring
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ethanol‚ Sterile distilled water Apparatus: Micropipettes‚ conical flask‚ measuring cylinder‚ beaker‚ gloves. THEORY: The procedure for genomic DNA preparation from a culture of bacterial cells (lacking plasmids) can be divided into four stages:- 1. A culture of bacteria is grown and then harvested. 2. The cells are broken open to release their contents. 3. This cell extract is treated to remove all components except the DNA. 4. The resulting DNA solution
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Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity Mechanisms of Pathogenicity • Pathogenicity: • Virulence: Mechanisms of Pathogenicity Figure 15.9 Portals of Entry • Mucous membranes • Skin • Parenteral route Numbers of Invading Microbes • ID50: Infectious dose for 50% of the test population (animals) • Dose of pathogen that will infect half of the test animals • LD50: Lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population (animals) • Dose of toxin that will kill half of the test
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systems and in the food processing environments). The biofilms forming microorganism have a major medical significance as they decrease the susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents. Furthermore‚ the cell with biofilm forming ability can facilitate a plasmid exchange and hence enhance the spread of antimicrobial resistance. (Watnick P‚ Kotler R
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Since GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) were first introduced in 1973‚ they have quickly taken over the agricultural industry; about 70% of all crops are GM products. However‚ with the rise of GMOs on the market‚ there has been a sharp increase of backlash over these products. This backlash is due to the misinformed public that made them ban or have heavy restrictions on GM products in most countries. However‚ if the public was to become informed about the effects of GMOs‚ the will be able understand
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Genetically modified organisms are made moving the DNA from one species to another. DNA contains genes which code for proteins. For plants and bacteria; restriction enzymes are used to cut a DNA segment from a desired gene source and a bacterium plasmid. They are joined using ligase enzymes and inserted into the plant chromosome or host bacterium. For animals the recombinant DNA is injected into an embryo and transferred to a recipient mother. The organisms will now express a new protein. Proteins
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Genetics Unit Test Review 1. Six Characteristics of DNA: 1) Consists of 4 bases (GCAT) 2) Double helix 3) The bases are joined by h-bonds 4) The outside of DNA consists of sugar-phosphate bonds 5) The DNA is surrounded by protein 6) Consists of two types of bases: 1. Purines A.G 2. Pyramidines C.T 2. Everything Involved with Replications: DNA Organization: * How does DNA replicate? 3 choices were thought of: Mechanics of DNA Replication: Leading
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