IGCSE Complete Chemistry Notes Unit 1: States of matter Everything is made of particles. Particles in solid are not free to move around. Liquids and gases can. As particles move they collide with each other and bounce off in all directions. This is called random motion. In 2 substances‚ when mixed‚ particles bounce off in all directions when they collide. This mixing process is called diffusion. It’s also the movement of particles without a force. The smallest particle
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Title: Formation of a Salt Objective: Students will observe the reaction of NaHCO3 and HCl. Students will draw the Lewis Electron Dot Diagrams of Na+ and Cl-. Students will site examples of how to identify an ionic compound. Materials: Materials include 6M of HCl and NaHCO3 ‚ a 100 milliliter (mL) beaker‚ a 10 mL graduated cylinder‚ a dropper‚ phenol red indicator‚ distilled water‚ a hot plate‚ a balance‚ a magnifying glass‚ and beaker tongs. Procedure: First‚ measure the mass of
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Page Compiled and edited by : Jong Kah Yin 1 SPM CHEMISTRY INDEX CONTENT 1 REVISION CHECK-LIST Form 4 Form 5 2 WRITING EQUATIONS 2.1 Charges of ions 2.2 Formulae of compounds 2.3 Reactions of Acid 2.4 Displacement of Metals 2.5 Double decomposition reaction 2.6 Others 3 CALCULATIONS 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4 Relative Masses Mole and Number of particles Mole and Mass & Volume of Gases Empirical and Molecular Formulae Calculations involving Acids and Alkali Thermochemistry 23 24 24 – 25 26
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Disrupting ocean ecosystem SALT AND WATER NONFISHERIES PRODUCTS: • Salts (table salt)- is an ionic compound composed of one atom of sodium (Naˉ) and one atom of chlorine (Cl+) which is responsible in the salinity of seawater. • (Naˉ) + (Cl+) = NaCl (table salt) • Water- is composed of two atoms of hydrogen (Hˉ) and one atoms of oxygen (O+) bind together by hydrogen bond. • 2(Hˉ) + 1(O+) = H2O SALT • • • • 30% of the world’s supply sea salt is extracted and refined to produce table salt. processed
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through limestone or chalk (calcium carbonate) it will be hard. (1) Soft water is gratification water in which the only cation (positively charged ion) is sodium. The minerals in water give it an idiosyncratic taste. Some natural mineral waters are highly desired for their flavour and the health benefits they may converse. (3) Extremely hard water affects plumbing such as pipes and the performance of certain cleaning agents. When the water is heated the carbonates precipitate out of solution‚ forming
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the anions we were testing for could only be determined from one specific result for example if a black precipitate formed following the tests the substance is therefore a sulphide however the same result would also show the presence of carbonate and hydrogen carbonate this therefore means that it is difficult to distinguish between the two and therefore further tests would need to be carried out this test enables you to distinguish clearly between the two and includes adding a drop of phenolphthalein
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Salts – Reactions with Acids: Learn these General Equations and their Examples: 1. ACID + METAL –––––––> SALT + HYDROGEN Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen 2HCl(aq) + 2Mg(s) 2MgCl(aq) + H2(g) Sulphuric acid + Zinc Zinc Sulphate + Hydrogen H2SO4(aq) + Zn(s) ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g) Nitric acid + Aluminium Aluminium Nitrate + Hydrogen 2HNO3(aq) + 2Al(s) 2AlNO3(aq) + H2(g) 2. ACID + BASE –––––––> SALT + WATER Hydrochloric acid + Copper
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typical properties of bases. Materials: * * Goggles * Well plate * 2 strips of magnesium ribbon * Sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda)‚ NAHCO3 * Red litmus paper * Blue litmus paper * Conductivity tester * Beakers of: * Tap water * Dilute bromothymol blue indicator * Dilute hydrochloric acid * Dilute sodium hydroxide * Eye droppers * Unknown acids and bases * Phenolphthalein Procedure: 1. A data table was
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A. MATTER * Nature of matter. * Describe the states of matter and explain their conversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory. * Describe and explain diffusion. * Describe dependence of rate of diffusion on molecular mass‚ qualitatively. * Experimental techniques Measurement. * Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time‚ temperature‚ mass and volume‚ including burettes‚ pipettes and measuring cylinders. Criteria of purity. * Identify substances
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Acetate formula | CH3COO- | 5 | Ammonia formula | NH3 | 6 | Nitric acid formula | HNO3 | 7 | Phosphoric acid formula | H3PO4 | 8 | Sodium phosphate formula | Na3PO4 | 9 | Calcium carbonate formula | CaCO3 | 10 | Ammonium sulfate formula | (NH4)2SO4 | 11 | Carbonic acid formula | H2CO3 | 12 | Sodium bicarbonate formula | NaHCO3 | 13 | Sodium hydroxide formula | NaOH | 14 | Calcium hydroxide formula | Ca(OH)2 | 15 | Ethanol formula | C2H5OH | 16 | Hydrobromic acid formula |
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