Cooperation And Implication
Cooperation and Implication
Harditya Perdana
2008410082
A great part of our communicative behavior takes place between the explicitly expressed words: It happens implicitly. What we mean is hardly ever exhausted by what we explicitly say. Normally we don't have any difficulties in grasping what the speaker is trying to communicate implicitly. How can we explain this fact? Paul Grice gave the following answer: We grasp the implicit meaning by assuming cooperation on the part of the speaker (especially the observance of certain conversational maxims). And as speakers we rely on this assumption when we expect that our hearers will understand us. This starting point has already proven to be very fruitful for the philosophy of language and linguistic pragmatics. Nevertheless we still do not have a theory in an narrow sense.
The Cooperative Principle “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”
The cooperative principle has four sub-parts, four rules or maxims that people involved in conversations tend to respect:
1. The maxim of quality
2. The maxim of quantity
3. The maxim of relevance
4. The maxim of manner
(1) The maxim of quality (“Tell the truth”)
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
(2) The maxim of quantity (“Say just as much as is necessary”)
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make the contribution more informative than is required.
(3) The maxim of relation / relevance (“Stick to the point”)
Make your contributions relevant.
(4) The maxim of manner (“Be clear”)
Avoid obscurity.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief.
Be orderly.
Conversational implicature
Paul Grice identified three types of general conversational implicatures:
1. The speaker deliberately flouts a conversational maxim to convey an additional
Harditya Perdana
2008410082
A great part of our communicative behavior takes place between the explicitly expressed words: It happens implicitly. What we mean is hardly ever exhausted by what we explicitly say. Normally we don't have any difficulties in grasping what the speaker is trying to communicate implicitly. How can we explain this fact? Paul Grice gave the following answer: We grasp the implicit meaning by assuming cooperation on the part of the speaker (especially the observance of certain conversational maxims). And as speakers we rely on this assumption when we expect that our hearers will understand us. This starting point has already proven to be very fruitful for the philosophy of language and linguistic pragmatics. Nevertheless we still do not have a theory in an narrow sense.
The Cooperative Principle “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”
The cooperative principle has four sub-parts, four rules or maxims that people involved in conversations tend to respect:
1. The maxim of quality
2. The maxim of quantity
3. The maxim of relevance
4. The maxim of manner
(1) The maxim of quality (“Tell the truth”)
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
(2) The maxim of quantity (“Say just as much as is necessary”)
Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange.
Do not make the contribution more informative than is required.
(3) The maxim of relation / relevance (“Stick to the point”)
Make your contributions relevant.
(4) The maxim of manner (“Be clear”)
Avoid obscurity.
Avoid ambiguity.
Be brief.
Be orderly.
Conversational implicature
Paul Grice identified three types of general conversational implicatures:
1. The speaker deliberately flouts a conversational maxim to convey an additional