To 400 bce Classical: Aristotle, Plato, Cicero, Plutarch, etc.
To 1400 Medieval: Augustine, Boethius, Geoffrey Vinsauf, Christine de Pizan, etc.
To 1700 Renaissance: Erasmus, Castiglione, Ramus, Bacon, etc.
L.17th to 18th cent Enlightenment: Locke, Hume, Mary Astell, Austin, G. Campbell H. Blair, etc. Nineteenth century: Whately, Stewart, F. Douglass, Willard, Nietzsche, etc.
20th cent Modern and postmodern: Bakhtin, V. Woolf, K. Burke, Chaim Perelman, Toulmin, Foucault, Cixous, Stanley Fish
Overlapping meanings of rhetoric: The practice of oratory; the study of the strategies of effective oratory, the use of language, written or spoken, to inform or persuade, the study of the persuasive effects of language, the study of the relation between language and knowledge, classification and use of tropes (figures of speech) and figures,
Origins:
• Public affairs and education since 5th cent. BCE –was, first and foremost, the art of persuasive speaking.
• Study of rhet. Was: Greek and Latin grammar, classical literature and history, and logic, to practice the composition and delivery of speeches.
• Generated not only an elaborate system for investigating language practices but also a set of far-reaching, theoretical questions about the relationship of language to knowledge.
• After the classical period, the bounds of rhetoric expanded, until today they encompass virtually all forms of discourse and symbolic communication.
Classical Rhetoric: Types of discourse: legal or forensic speech Political or deliberative speech Ceremonial or epideictic (fit for display) speech in a public forum This later expanded to sermons, letters, and eventually all forms of discourse, even conversation, that could be seen as persuasive in intent.
Classical rhet examines the psychology and moral assumptions of the different kinds of people