The kidneys are important regulators of homeostasis in the body. They regulate ions and pH as well as water. In addition,…
The physiological overview involves the kidneys processing blood by eliminating any excess mineral salts, urea and water as this provides homeostasis and it enables the body to work effectively. The nephron (which is part of the kidneys) for example, is in charge of the reabsorption of amino acids, glucose, some chloride and sodium. It is composed of the Bowman’s capsule which is connected to a coiled tubule, which then moves into a hairpin loop called the loop of Henle. There is also a straight collecting duct and second loop that clears out at the end of the pyramid. Both the collecting duct and loop of Henle are located in the medulla.…
1) Kidneys – The left kidney is higher than the right kidney due to the position of the liver. Filters waste products of metabolism that collect in the blood. They remove waste from the blood to form urine. The kidneys maintain balance between retention and excretion of fluids ( play key role in fluid and electrolyte balance). The normal adult urine output is 1200 to 1500 ml/ day. An output less than 30 ml/hr indicates possible circulatory, blood volume or renal alterations. Erythropoietin functions within the bone marrow to stimulate RBC production and maturation. Patients with chronic kidney conditions cannot produce sufficient quantities of this hormone are prone to anemia. The kidneys affect calcium and phosphate regulation by producing a substance that converts vitamin D. Patients with chronic alteration in the kidney fuction do not make sufficient amounts of the active vitamin D. They are prone to develop renal bone disease resulting from impaired calcium absorption. Renal hormones affect blood pressure regulation, renal ischemia (decreased blood supply), and renin is released from juxtaglomerular cells. Renin functions as an enzyme to convert angiotensinogen (a substance synthesized by the liver) into angiotension1. Angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 in the lungs. Angiotensin 2 causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone released from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes retention of water, which increases blood volume. The kidneys also produce prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin, which help maintain renal blood flow through vasodilation. These mechanisms increase arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow.…
B.decreasing the permeability of the glomerulus C.increasing the permeability of the collecting duct D.decreasing the permeability of the collecting duct 13. Inflammation of the urethra is called: A.urethritis B.uritis C.nephritis D.urethroma 14. The end product of muscle metabolism is: A.uric acid B.carbon dioxide C.ammonia D.creatinine 15. Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries is: A.lower than in other capillary beds B.higher than in other capillary beds C.responsible for maintaining filtration D.higher than in other capillary beds and is responsible for maintaining filtration 3 16.…
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the tiny fibers in your kidneys, which are called glomerular. The major structure of glomerulonephritis is the kidneys, but the kidneys are also part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. Every person had two kidneys and they are bean shaped and darkish red or brown in color. The kidneys are found posteriorly to the abdomen. The kidneys are embedded in a fatty pouch, which consists of three layers, the renal capsule, the adipose capsule, and renal fascia. The renal capsule is the innermost layer, strong and fibrous, and attached to the kidney. The adipose capsule is the second layer and is the protective layer. The renal fascia is…
The renal system would compensate by controlling the output of acids, basis or carbon dioxide from the body within urine.…
The renal system is also known as the urinary system. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The function of the renal system is to remove liquid waste from the blood and keep salts and other substances in the blood. The kidneys remove urea from blood by filtering. Besides filtering and eliminating wastes, the system also maintains homeostasis of water, ions, pH, acid and blood pressure. The renal system is a major homeostatic system because it maintains electrolyte balance, acid-base, and fluid balance; excrete nitrogenous wastes.…
Background: Chronic kidney failure, describes the gradual loss of kidney function. The kidneys function is to filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then excreted in your urine.(Mayo Clinic). If and when chronic kidney disease reaches…
Diabetic Retinopathy, which is loss of vision and blindness, happens when tiny blood vessels grow in the eye, and the high concentration of glucose in fluid that are around the eye makes them fragile. Tiny bulges can be developed in the retina and it can develop in other areas in the eye, and if they start to leak or burst, the fluid and blood can spread throughout the eye. After it starts spreading, blood clot and scar tissue can start to form in front of the retina, which prevents light from hitting the retina, causing blindness. If the fluid is released it can cause swelling which leads to blurred vision. There is no treatment when this occurs ,but the prevention of the build up of glucose surrounding the blood vessels in the eye and the…
1. What effect does increasing the afferent radius have on glomerular filtration rate and pressure? Both the rate and the pressure increase as you increase the afferent radius.…
Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease: Appropriate Sources of Protein (System Disorder, RM AMS RN 9.0 Chp 60)…
I believe that Ms. Jones contracted an infection when she was open for her open-heart surgery or there was some tool used that was not properly sterilized so bacteria was spread into her body.…
Bibliography: "National Kidney and Urologic DiseasesInformation Clearinghouse (NKUDIC)." Diabetes Insipidus. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2013. <http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/insipidus/>.…
Newly diagnosed patients visiting the National Kidney Foundation Website would be provided with an additional source of information. In addition to the general diagnosis and treatment information provided, the Website offers encouragement and support to those effected by kidney disease. Patients, families and friends can find support information. The Merck Manual is intended to be used as a source of information and education for the healthcare professional and/or student. It represents a good source of information for research and/or bedside practice.…
Chu, M.C. and J. Rhoades. (2007). The Uninsured in America, 1996-2007: Estimates for the U.S. Civilian Noninstitutionalized Population Under 65, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, AHRQ, Statistical Brief #214, July 2008. Retrieved November 12, 2009, from http://www.nchc.org/facts/coverage.shtml…