orbitals forms the σ bond‚ and one empty p orbital forms the π bond. This process is illustrated in the figure below: Sp2 hybrid orbitals: Unhybridized p orbital: (3 σ bonds) (1 π bond) _1 _1 _1 _1 Molecules with double bonds are alkenes‚ and they have restricted rotation around the double bond so they tend to form the cis and trans geometric isomers. While both of these isomers have the same molecular formula‚ they usually vary in many physical features. Cis isomers have two identical
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Multistep Synthesis of Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone Author: Instructor: Date work performed: 10.18.2012--10.25.2012 Date work submitted: 11.01.2012 Abstract: The aim of this experiment was to perform a multistep synthesis to form tetraphenylcyclopentadienone. The first step of the reactions was to synthesize benzoin from the condensation of benzaldehyde. A yield of 28.91% benzoin was obtained. The MP of benzoin was 127O-130O C and the IR spectra displayed a carbonyl peak at 3415 cm-1
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Synthesis of an Alkyl Halide: A Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction Unknown Letter: B 23 April 2013 Academic Integrity Statement: “Experimental data may be collected with other students in organic chemistry labs. However I understand that sharing information required for a lab report (including but not limited to word processing or spreadsheet files‚ calculations‚ graphs‚ conclusions and additional problems at the end of the lab report) with other students is a violation of the University
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English Proficiency This test is designed to assess the test takers’ general proficiency in the use of English language as a means of self-expression in real life situations and specifically to test the test takers’ knowledge of basic grammar‚ their vocabulary‚ their ability to read fast and comprehend‚ and also their ability to apply the elements of effective writing. 1. Grammar 1. Agreement‚ Time and Tense‚ Parallel construction‚ Relative pronouns 2. Determiners‚ Prepositions‚ Modals
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AQA GCSE Chemistry Unit 1 C 1: Fundamental ideas: C 1.1. Atoms‚ elements and compounds: * All substances are made up of atoms. * Elements contain only one atom. * Compounds contain more than one atom. * An atom has a tiny nucleus in its centre‚ surrounded by electrons. C 1.2. Atomic structure: * Atoms are made up of protons‚ neutrons and electrons. * Protons and electrons have equal and opposite electrical charges. Protons are positively charged‚ and electrons are negatively
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had gone to completion. 3. IR Spectroscopy Peaks Peak Functional Group1 2362.05 cm-1 Very weak band 1712.90 cm-1 (Strongest peak) C=O (ketone) 1598.22 cm-1 C=C (aromatic) 1450.50 cm-1 C=C (aromatic) 1150.63 cm-1 Very weak band 735.43 cm-1 =C–H (alkene) 669.78 cm-1 Very weak band Attached is a published spectrum from: http://sdbs.db.aist.go.jp/sdbs/cgi-bin/direct_frame_top.cgi Discussion 1. According to the melting point measured‚ the final product was quite pure. The melting point range determined
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Surname Centre Number Candidate Signature Other Names Candidate Number For Examiner’s Use General Certificate of Secondary Education June 2007 SCIENCE B Unit Chemistry C1 CHEMISTRY Unit Chemistry C1 Higher Tier Thursday 21 June 2007 1.30 pm to 2.15 pm CHY1H H For Examiner’s Use Question Mark Question Mark For this paper you must have: a ruler. You may use a calculator. Time allowed: 45 minutes Instructions Use blue or black ink or ball-point pen. Fill in the boxes at the top of
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Intermolecular forces are forces between molecules that determine whether the molecule is a solid‚ liquid‚ or gas under standard conditions. In our lab‚ we measured the maximum and minimum temperature reached and time it took to reach it of alcohols and alkanes. In addition‚ we measured the vapor pressure of the liquid at different temperatures. Through Experiment 9‚ we concluded that molecules with hydrogen bonds or long chains in the structural formula have stronger intermolecular forces‚ and that as temperature
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Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons from Crude Oil by Pseudomonas putida A Project done under the guidance of Dr. K. Bharathi Department of Biotechnology. Submitted to the faculty Of Department of Biotechnology National Institute Of Technology‚ Warangal (A.P) Submitted By Febin P. Nalpady‚ Anzal Rahman‚ Shruti Sharma‚ Sindhuja Nandiraju‚ Giraboina
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Diels-Alder reactions are steriospecific (cis-alkenes form cis substituted and trans-alkenes form trans-substituted); this is called syn addition‚ the configuration of dienophiles is always retained in the product. The diene and dienophile react in such a way that the endo product is formed rather than the exo
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