Specimen Paper Centre Number Surname Other Names Examiner’s Initials Candidate Signature Question Mark Candidate Number For Examiner’s Use General Certificate of Secondary Education Foundation Tier 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Science A Unit Chemistry C1 Chemistry 1F Chemistry Unit Chemistry C1 For this paper you must have: • a ruler • the Data Sheet (enclosed). You may use a calculator. F 8 9 TOTAL Time allowed ! 60 minutes Instructions ! ! ! ! Use black ink or black ball-point
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Sept 27‚ 2010 Chapter 4 * With four valence electrons‚ carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms * This tetra valence makes large‚ complex molecules possible * Fundamental groups: Alkanes and Alkenes * The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements * The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners (hydrogen‚ oxygen‚ and nitrogen) are the “building code” that governs the architecture of living
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Dehydrating Cyclohexanol • Introduction The purpose of the lab experiment is to prepare cyclohexene from cyclohexanol through an acid-catalyzed dehydration. In order to produce the cyclohexene from cyclohexanol‚ an elimination reaction was performed. First by protonating the oxygen of the alcohol and creating an oxonium ion we replaced the poor leaving group (OH) into a better leaving group (OH2+). Second‚ dehydrating the cyclohexanol using phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid as acid catalysts
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Synthesis of trans-9-(2-Phenylethenyl)anthracene Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to convert carboxyl compounds into alkenes. While this reaction yields both the E and Z isomers‚ it is preferred over other reactions due to the lack of uncertainty of where the double bond is positioned. Also the stability of an ylide determines which isomer is the major product. 1 Experimental: Compounds Benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride 9-Anthraldehyde 50% Aqueous NaOH DCM Product Formula weight
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experimentally observed competing dihydroxylation reaction and the ligand-induced reaction rate acceleration. Introduction Sharpless et al. reported in the 1970s an aza-analogon of the osmium-catalyzed cis-vicinal dihydroxylation (DH)1 of alkenes‚ the aminohydroxylation (AH).2‚3 In 1996 it was rendered asymmetric4 and extended to a large variety of substrates in the following. The AH is synthetically important as it provides straightforward access to the aminoalcohol fragment present in
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in the presence of phosphoric acid. The alcohol was a mixture of cis and trans isomers‚ so it might have exhibited an Evelyn effect. It was also looked at if the products showed the Zaitsev’s rule‚ where in an elimination reaction‚ the most stable alkene was favored‚ which was usually the most substituted one and also the major product‚ which was the product with more % composition that was found out in the analysis. The % composition of the yield was found out by using the % composition of the products
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al Chain Reactions: Bromination of Arenes Introduction The purpose of the bromination of arenes was to determine the different reactivities of different hydrocarbons with different hydrogen atoms when reacted with bromine under free-radical substitution. The time it took for the bromine color to disappear was used to determine the order of reactivity of the different hydrocarbons. Data and Results The data of the 10 hydrocarbon tubes and the 2 control tubes with bromine and dichloromethane in
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Air Pollution in Hong Kong Chemistry Project the Written Report 1.Introduction 3 2.Sources of Air Pollution 3 - 7 1.Vehicles 4 - 5 1. Pollutants produced by vehicles 4 2. Reasons why pollutants are produced 4 3. Impacts of the pollutants from vehicles 4 - 5 4. Method to eliminate pollutants 5 2.Power Stations 6 - 7 1. Pollutants produced by power stations 6 2. Reasons why pollutants are produced 6 3. Impacts of the pollutants from power stations 6 4. Methods to eliminate
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June 25‚ 2005 4:19 PM Notes on Theory • Alkenes o They are hydrocarbons with a C=C double bond • Double bonds are stronger and more reactive than single bonds o Hydrocarbons with double bonds used to be known as "olefins"‚ because they had an oily appearance • "Oleum" means oil • "Ficare" means make • Isomers o Geometric isomers have the same molecular formula‚ but a different geometric arrangement • They also have different physical properties o Alkenes exist as two different geometric isomers
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Essential oils are volatile components associated with the aromas of seeds‚ bark‚ or roots of plants. In this experiment‚ the essential oil eugenol was isolated from ground cloves using steam distillation techniques. Eugenol had a high boiling point‚ but it was isolated at a lower temperature by performing a co-distillation with water‚ a process known as steam distillation. This technique allowed the desired material to be distilled at a lower temperature than 100℃. The point of the steam distillation
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