irregular 1. _____________________________ connective tissue‚ which makes up the dermis‚ and 1 ‚ which forms the epiKeratinocytes dermis. The tough water-repellent protein found in the epidermal cells is called 2. _____________________________ 2 . The pigments melanin and 3 contribute to skin color. A localized keratin concentration of melanin is referred to as a 4 . 3. _____________________________ 4. 2. Four protective functions of the skin are a. b. prevents desiccation ____________________________________________
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Topic 9: Plant Science 9.1 Plant Structure and Growth 9.1.1 Draw and label plan diagrams to show the distribution of tissues in the stem and leaf of a dicotyledonous plant. Cross-section of a stem Part of plant | Purpose | Epidermis | Surface of the stem made of a number of layers often with a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss | Cortex Tissue | Forming a cylinder of tissue around the outer edge of the stem. Often contains cells with secondary thickening in the cell walls which provides
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Describe the role of the citric acid cycle as a central metabolic mechanism. Explain what happens to the cells’ abilities to oxidize acetyl CoA when intermediates of the cycle are drained off for amino acid biosynthesis. Glucose is a source of energy that is metabolized into glycolysis to pyruvate yielding ATP. To become more efficient‚ pyruvate must be oxidized into carbon dioxide and water. This combustion of carbon dioxide and water to generate ATP is called cellular respiration (Tymoczko‚
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permeability lets molecules pass. Enzymes for ATP production. Photosynthetic pigment on folding (on chromatophores or thylakoids). Leakage occurs if damaged by alcohols‚ ammonium‚ and polymyxin antibiotics. Phospholipid bilayer‚ peripheral proteins‚ integral protein‚ transmembrane protein‚ sterols‚ glycocalyx Movement across Membranes Simple diffusion: Movement of solute from high concentration to low Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with transporter protein in membrane Osmosis: water moves
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1.1.1 In small unicellular organisms‚ substances move around slowly by diffusion. Diffusion is too slow to move substances round the larger bodies of multicellular organisms. They have a circulatory system: substances are carried in blood pumped by a heart. In a closed circulatory system (eg in vertebrates) blood is enclosed in narrow blood vessels. This increases efficiency: blood travels faster as a higher pressure is generated. Valves ensure blood flows in one direction:
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6 primary functions of digestive system: 1. Ingestion- food intake 2. Secretion 3. Digestion- mechanical & chemical breakdown of food Mechanical Mastication- first step. Enables mixing with saliva to form bolus to be swallowed. Regulated by CNS. Deglutition Mixing/Churning Peristalsis- movement of muscles within GI tract that facilitates movement of food Chemical- Hydrolysis (using H2O) of macromolecules into monomers (residues) carried out by digestive enzymes produced by salivary glands
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Abstract Pigments extracted from different greens have different polarities and may be different colors. Mixed pigments can be separated using chromatography paper. Chromatography paper is able to separate mixed pigments due to their polarity and solubility. Pigments of chlorophyll a‚ chlorophyll b and beta carotene will be separated on chromatography paper because each has its own polarity and solubility‚ which results in different distance traveled up the paper. Beta carotene is non-polar so it
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7 properties of Life |Description/Examples | | |Order |All living things exhibit complex but ordered organization; structure of a pinecone | |Regulation |The environment outside of the organism may change drastically‚ but the organism can adjust its internal | | |environment keeping it within appropriate limits; temperature (shivering and sweating) | |Growth & Development |Information carried
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Separation and Identification of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography Biology 1107L Introduction All living organisms require energy for their chemical processes. The ultimate source of this energy is the sun. Plants convert light energy into the chemical energy of sugars. During photosynthesis pigments are used to capture light energy. Pigments of green plants can easily be separated and identified using a technique called paper chromatography. The purpose of this
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