other compounds gave a negative result since they are all hydrocarbons. INTRODUCTION Hydrocarbons are organic materials that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms‚ these molecules can be saturated or unsaturated and acyclic‚ cyclic‚ or aromatic. In this experiment we used a variety of methods to examine the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons. The first experiment we tested a variety of solvents to see if they dissolved our alkane (Decalin). One would expect that non-polar
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napthalene and toulene were given to serve as reference standards to characterize and distinguish four unknown given samples. Nitration‚ bromine and basic oxidation testswere conducted to classify the different samples from being an aliphatic‚ or aromatic‚ saturated or unsaturated and alkylated or non-alkylated hydrocarbons. The physical state and color were noted by simple physical observation. The unknown samples were characterized and differentiated by using the three different tests to distinguish
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Sulphonation – The Process Most electrophilic substitution reactions are irreversible but sulfonation is an exception. Treatment of benzene with "oleum" (a solution of SO3 in concentrated sulfuric acid) will give the sulfonic acid‚ the electrophilic species being sulfur trioxide which is Lewis acidic. Fig – 1 Sulphonation : Benzene equation The sulfonic acid can be converted back by treatment with hot aqueous acid. The reason for this reversibility is the fact that the Wheland intermediate is overall
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Benzanilide and Methyl 3-Nitrobenzoate. Benzanilide was synthesised using The Schotten Baumann reaction which takes a hydrogen atom from an amino group and substitutes it for an acyl group. For Methyl 3-Nitrobenzoate‚ NO2+ was used as an electrophilic reagent to replace an aromatic hydrogen atom. Then both chemicals were purified by first determining appropriate recrystallisation solvent‚ before analysing Benzanilide and Methyl 3-Nitrobenzoate as well as 2
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al Chain Reactions: Bromination of Arenes Introduction The purpose of the bromination of arenes was to determine the different reactivities of different hydrocarbons with different hydrogen atoms when reacted with bromine under free-radical substitution. The time it took for the bromine color to disappear was used to determine the order of reactivity of the different hydrocarbons. Data and Results The data of the 10 hydrocarbon tubes and the 2 control tubes with bromine and dichloromethane in
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alpha hydrogen is acidic because of its location near the carbonyl on acetophenone. When the sodium hydroxide is added‚ it deprotonates the hydrogen and creates an enolate ion. This deprotonation creates a nucleophilic carbon that can attack an electrophilic carbon (like a parent carbon of a carbonyl). This enolate ion is a resonance structure and the oxygen atom and the corresponding pi bond it can form can stabilize the negative charge. When the nucleophilic pi bond attacks the carbonyl carbon (the
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1. The following compound A‚ is used as an artificial sweetener. Compound A (April 2009) (a) Name all functional groups in A (b) For each of the carbon X‚ Y and Z in compound A‚ determine (i) the type of hybridization (ii) the bond angle (c) A is optically active. Mark on the structure the chiral centre(s) in A. 2. (a) Draw structural formula of (i) a haloalkane
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unknown gives a positive result in nitration test and gives no brown precipitate in oxidation test. The unknown is an aromatic and non-alkylated compound. _______________________________________________ Introduction: Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that composed of only hydrogen and carbon. There are two major types of hydrocarbons; aliphatic (saturated and unsaturated) and aromatics. Aliphatic compounds are characterized by a continuous or branched chain arrangement aliphatic compounds are
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D. REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE (By: Mary Deo Luigi J. Mabunay 1N-3) Objective: To determine the reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones when combined with Sodium Hydroxide. Process: * Obtain 5 clean and dry test tubes * Put 2mL of 40% NaOH solution to test tubes 1‚ 2 and 3 and on test tubes 4 and 5‚ put 10% NaOH solution * Add 10 drops of the following solution: * Tube 1: formaldehyde * Tube 2: benzaldehyde * Tube 3: acetaldehyde
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Properties and Reactions of Hydrocarbons Abstract Introduction Hydrocarbons are organic materials that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms‚ these molecules can be saturated or unsaturated and acyclic‚ cyclic‚ or aromatic. In this experiment we used a variety of methods to examine the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons. The first experiment we tested a variety of solvents to see if they dissolved our alkane (Decalin). One would expect that non-polar solvents will dissolve
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