Chemistry Summary The particle theory: 1. Matter is made of tiny particles 2. Particles of matter are in constant motion 3. Particles of matter are held together by very strong electric forces 4. There are empty spaces between the particles of matter that are very large compared to the particles themselves. 5. Each substance has unique particles that are different from the particles of other substances 6. Temperature affects the speed of the particles. The
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of particle theory Atom: The smallest particle that cannot be divided by any physical or chemical means Molecule: Two or more atoms (the same or different) that are chemically bonded together Lattice: 3D array of oppositely charged particles (ions) held together by an electrostatic attraction Element: Consists of only one type of atom Compound: Composed for two or more elements that are chemically bonded together. Contains a fixed number of atoms of each component element. Pure Substance:
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Ca‚ Sr‚ Ba‚ Ra Beryllium‚ Magnesium‚ Calcium‚ Strontium‚ Barium‚ Radium These elements bond by metallic bonds (intramolecular forces) to form giant metallic structures. The size of the atoms increases down the group Physical properties of Group II metals Ionization The process of removing an electron from an isolated atom (or an ion) to form a cation. First ionization: M(g) M+(g) + 1e- Second ionization: M+ (g) M2+(g) + 1e-
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National Institute of Geological Sciences Laboratory in Principles of Geology Geology 11.1 Laboratory Manual Name: _____________________ Student #: ___________________ Section: ____________________ Copyright © 2003 National Institute of Geological Sciences. All rights reserved. National Institute of Geological Sciences Laboratory in Principles of Geology Representing the Surface of the Earth Objectives To be able to interpret the data represented on a map To be able to identify
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by filtering water to the point where it is free of ions. This ion-free water will strip ions from surrounding material‚ acting like a super-solvent. This is often used in semiconductor and other high-tech processing as a "soft" solvent and relatively cheap cleaning fluid. Distilled water is most often produced by vaporizing less pure source water (tap‚ salt or even urine) and condensing the pure water vapour. During this process‚ free ions from the atmosphere‚ containers or other sources are
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particle theory All matter consists of many very small particles which are constantly moving or in a continual state of motion. Use of the general term ‘particle’ means the precise nature of the particle does not have to be specified. The particles may be ions‚ atoms or molecules. The particle theory of matter states: ● all matter is made up of tiny particles ● these particles are in a continual state of motion ● matter is held together by very strong electric forces ● the empty spaces between the
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DEFINITIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION (REDOX) This page looks at the various definitions of oxidation and reduction (redox) in terms of the transfer of oxygen‚ hydrogen and electrons. It also explains the terms oxidising agent and reducing agent. Oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen transfer Definitions • Oxidation is gain of oxygen. • Reduction is loss of oxygen. For example‚ in the extraction of iron from its ore: [pic] Because both reduction and oxidation are going on side-by-side
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A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electromagnetic force attraction between opposite charges‚ either between electrons and nuclei‚ or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such as dipole-dipole interactions‚ the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding
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corrosion‚ they change into metallic ions. In some cases‚ the product of corrosion itself forms a protective coating. "For example‚ aluminium forms a thin protective oxide layer which is impervious to air and water. In other cases (e.g. iron)‚ however‚ the coating either flakes off or is pervious to both air and water. So the whole piece of metal can corrode right through." The most common forms of metallic corrosion are caused by electrochemical reactions‚ wherein two metallic phases (e.g.‚ iron oxide
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chemical bond is defined as a force that acts between two or more atoms to hold them together as a stable molecule. Main types of bond: 1. Ionic or electrovalent bond‚ 2. Covalent bond‚ 3. Coordinate covalent bond Forth type of bond: Metallic bond: The type of bonding which holds the atoms together in metal crystal. Valence electron: The electrons in the outer most energy level in an atom that takes part in chemical bonding are called valence electrons. Bonding electrons: The valence
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