Katie Smith April 11‚ 2013 Competitive Nucleophiles Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to compare the nucleophilicities of chloride and bromide ions toward the n-butyl and t-pentyl alcohols. We were able to analyze this by using refractometry to measure the amounts of alkyl chloride and alkyl bromide in each reaction. Experiment Scheme (Procedure A) To begin the experiment‚ we assembled a reflux apparatus in the fume hood with a 100 mL round bottom flask and a condenser
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This experiment focuses on the concept of electrophilic aromatic substitution‚ which is a type of benzene reaction. This reaction consists usually of benzene and an electrophile. The role of the nucleophile is played by the double bond on the benzene ring. IT will react will the electrophile and this reaction will form a carbon cation intermediate. With additional reactions with a base‚ the electrophile fundamentally replaces the hydrogen of the benzene. Benzene is classified as one of the countless
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BroIn this experiment of the relative rates of free-radical chain bromination‚ we were expected to be able to determine the relative reactivates of the many types of hydrogen atoms involved toward bromine atoms. Bromination is defined to be a regioselective reaction meaning bromine has preference of making or breaking a bond over all other directions that it may have had available. In this case‚ Markovnikov’s rule is revealed to be the case in this situation that states that adding a protic acid
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Procedure: The experimental laboratory procedures were divided into two categories. First the formation of phenylmagnesium bromide‚ and second the reaction of the phenylmagnesium bromide with the carbonyl compound. However‚ before any of this could be done‚ the refluxing apparatus for the Grignard reaction was to be flame dried until no moisture remained inside because any water would cause the reagent to decompose and an alkane to form. The reaction would subsequently fail. Drierite was placed
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Name Lab Section GTA Station 1. Grignard Reaction Post-lab report Fill out the appropriate sections below. Show all work. Your calculated answers need to match the answers in the table. Also‚ attach the benzophenone and product spectra. Indicate appropriate stretches including differences in both spectra. Results | | Amounts and units | |Initial
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Purpose: To observe the reactions of specific aqueous solutions with specific aqueous reagents. Introduction: A solution is as a homogeneous mixture containing two or more substances. Reagents are added to solutions to create a chemical reaction or added to see if anything occurs. Reagents can be added to solutions to see if there is a presence of other substances. For example‚ iodine added to a lead solution. Iodine would be the reagent and would cause a chemical reaction confirming the presence
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In this experiment the objective was to perform a Diels-Alder reaction using cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride to synthesize the product‚ cis-Norbornene-5‚6-endo-dicarboxylic anhydride. The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most important reactions in organic chemistry and was first investigated by Otto Diels and Kurt Alder in Germany. It is a [4+2] concerted cycloaddition reaction which involves a diene and a dienophile. The Diel-Alder reaction are mainly used for creating new carbon-carbon
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the presence of a base = unstable intermediate (hemiacetal/hydrate) - nucleophiles with good leaving groups (anions i.e. Cl-‚ RO-‚ RCO2-) = unstable - starting carbonyl compound with good leaving group = unstable (makes a Tetrahedral intermediate then collapses to form the starting carbonyl group) i.e. Grignard reagent added to an ester
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> 2 Sterically less hindered substrates have faster rates in SN2 Nucleophile: If the reacting atom is the same in a series‚ nucleophilicity parallels basicity (i.e. -OH > -OCH3 > -OCH2CH3 > H2O) For the halogens in GAS PHASE: F- > Cl- > Br- > IFor the halogens in SOLUTION: I- > Br- > Cl- > F- (due to solvation of nucleophile‚ rendering it inactive) Negatively charged nucleophiles give neutral products Neutral nucleophiles give cationic products In SOLUTION nucleophilicity increases down a
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Michael. Discovered in 1887‚ this is a carbon-carbon bond making reaction. The result of the Michael addition is a 1‚4 addition of a nucleophile to an alpha‚ beta-unsaturated carbonyl carbon compound. A 1‚4 addition is also commonly referred to as a conjugated addition. Another result of this reaction is a 1‚2 addition of a nucleophile. Some of the common attacking nucleophiles used in this reaction are enolates. Enolates‚ a negatively charged oxygen with an adjacent carbon-carbon double bond‚ will react
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