What is a base? 16. What is a buffer and how do they function? 17. What are the 4 molecules of life? Discuss each in detail. 18. What does organic mean? 19. What are condensation reactions and hydrolysis reactions? 20. Describe the 4 levels of protein structure. 21. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fat. Homework - Chapter 4 1. Who was to first person to observe cells? 2. What does the cell theory state and who formulated this theory? 3. What are three basic components all cell
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water Proteins‚ cholesterol‚ fatty acids Cholesterol‚ fatty acids‚ glycolipids Proteins‚ phospholipids‚ cholesterol Water‚ proteins‚ fatty acids What are the nonpolar parts of a phospholipid? Head group Tail group Both are nonpolar Neither are nonpolar 4. This is the only polar portion of a cholesterol molecule and it forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of phospholipids. a. –OH group b. –CH3 group c. –CH4 group d. –OOH group e. None of the above 5. This type of membrane protein will extend
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Basic chemistry of a cell Properties of water – – – Life on Earth began in water and evolved there for 3 billion years before spreading onto land. Modern life‚ even terrestrial life‚ remains tied to water. All living organisms require water more than any other substance. Human beings for example‚ can survive for quite for a few weeks without food‚ but only a week or so without water. – – – Water is deceptively simple. It is shaped something like a wide V‚ with its two hydrogen atoms joined
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Discuss the Role of Hydrogen Bonding in living Organisms A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular bond and is formed when a charged part of a molecule having polar covalent bonds‚ forms an electrostatic attraction with a molecule of opposite charge‚ generally with fluorine‚ oxygen and nitrogen. Molecules having non polar covalent bonds do not form hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are classified as weak bonds as they are easily and rapidly formed and broken‚ however the cumulative effects of large
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source of energy 2. Living processes consist of thousands of chem reactions that must be precisely regulated & integrated 3. Certain fundamental reactions pathways are found in all organisms 4. All orgs use same types of molecules: carbs‚ lipids‚ proteins‚ and nucleic acids 5. Instructions for growth‚ development‚ and reproduction are encoded in each organisms nucleic acids Have to know how cells are regulated and where this info is coming from Why/how energy is made or used up – always tracking
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Session 1 We use the scientific method every day. Imagine your car doesn’t start one morning before school. Which of these is a reasonable hypothesis regarding the problem? I’m out of gas. A scientific theory explains what we know to this date about a natural event. Which of the following is a theory? There is molecular and biochemical evidence that all organisms are related. Choose the answer that best describes the sequence of the scientific method. observation‚ hypothesis‚ experiment‚ conclusion
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B) Site of synthesis: 1- In pancreas: Synthesis of taurine in the mammalian pancreas occurs through the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. First‚ in this pathway is oxidation of cysteine sulfahydryl group to sulfonic acid‚ this oxidation is catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. In turn‚ cysteine sulfonic acid is decarboxylated to hypotaurine by sulfonoalanine decarboxylase. It is not well known whether hypotaurine is then enzymatically or spontaneously oxidized to taurine. 2- in CNS: Biosynthesis
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used to describe the chemical reactions that take place inside a cell. Metabolic pathways are a series of these reactions catalysed by enzymes‚ and are carried out in small steps so that the product of one step can be the substrate of the next. The synthesis of larger molecules from this is called anabolism (e.g. constructing tissue) and the breaking down of these larger molecules is called catabolism (Dow et al.‚ 1995‚ pp185-186). All of these reactions are fuelled by ATP (adenosine triphosphate)‚ a
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An ABC transporter is system that involves the use of a substrate binding protein and ATP. By combining these the substrate binding protein and ATP‚ the transporter is able to increase the concentration of the nutrient inside the cell‚ even if it is against the concentration gradient. When comparing the concentration of nutrient‚ the cytosol often has a higher concentration of nutrients compared to the periplasm and‚ possibly the environment (depending on how nutrient rich the environment is. For
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processes. Taken together‚ these processes make up an organism’s metabolism. A) Metabolism: All the chemical processes that take place in an organism. 1. Nutrition: Using nutrients for growth‚ synthesis‚ repair and energy. 2. Respiration: Converts energy in food into a usable form (ATP). 3. Synthesis: Making complex chemicals from simple substances. 4. Transport: Absorbing and distributing materials throughout the body. 5. Regulation: The control and coordination of life processes. 6. Excretion:
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