consist of alkanes (paraffins)‚ alkenes (double bonds) and alkynes (triple bonds). Aromatic hydrocarbons contain the benzene ring. 153 C C C alkane alkene C C C alkyne benzene Hydrocarbons can be further divided into saturated hydrocarbons that have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes)‚ and unsaturated hydrocarbons that have multiple carbon-carbon bonds (alkenes‚ alkynes‚ aromatics). Most of the aliphatic compounds are named based on the first ten alkanes (Table
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economic‚ social‚ and health aspects. Alkane is a saturated hydrocarbon compound‚ which is‚ consists of C-C and C-H single bonds. Alkanes are highly combustible and it is a valuable fuel‚ and during combustion reaction‚ alkane can release a very large amount of heat and the product yield from this reaction is H2O (water)‚ and CO2 (carbon dioxide) or CO (carbon monoxide)‚ in which depends on whether the reaction is complete or incomplete. The first 4 alkanes‚ Methane‚ ethane‚ propane‚ and butane‚
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IGCSE PRE-AICE CHEMISTRY 0620 OFFICIAL STUDY GUIDE Notes: To avoid any confusion concerning the symbol for litre‚ dm3 will be used in place of l or litre.Valence electrons are known as valency electrons for this test. Nature of Matter The states of matter are solid‚ liquid‚ and gas‚ in respective order of kinetic energy. State of Matter | Definite Volume | Definite Shape | Solid | Yes | Yes | Liquid | Yes | No | Gas | No | No | Diffusion:
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electrons Alkanes all have different boiling points dependent on the length of the carbon chain in the molecule. The smaller chains ie. the most volatile hydrocarbons will leave at the top of the column as gases because they have the lowest boiling points. Within each fraction there is also a mixture of hydrocarbons‚ the chain length isn’t the same. This is due to branched chains having different boiling points to straight chains Suggest how cracking can be used to obtain more useful alkanes and alkenes
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Chemistry Investigatory Project To determine minimum amount of Bleaching Powder Required to disinfect different samples of Water. INDEX I. Introduction o Purification of Water o History of Water Purification o Bleaching Powder II. Experiment o Aim o Requirements o Theory o Procedure o Observations o Result o Precautions Introduction 98% of the Earth’s water is present in the oceans with an average salinity of 3.5%. The remainder of the
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Water Treatment Water Demand • Various types of water demands for a city – Domestic water demands – Commercial & industrial demand – Fire demand – Demand for public uses – Compensate losses demand Water Demand • Domestic water demand – It depends on the habits‚ social status‚ climatic conditions and customs of the people. – The domestic consumption of water under normal conditions is considered to be about 135 LPCD (IS 1172-1971) – The details of domestic consumption per person
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always present and must be killed before the product is distributed to its customers. While there are several different chemical and nonchemical disinfection methods available for use throughout the water treatment industry including via means of chlorination‚ hypochlorination‚ and ultra-violet light (quickly increasing in popularity)‚ a strict agenda of regulatory guidelines must be closely adhered to. These regulations have been implemented over the years by the federal Environmental Protection Agency
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of organic compounds‚ when arranged in the ascending order of molecular mass‚ such that they differ by 14 amu or a – CH2 group are called homologous. 16. Alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) : Compounds of carbon and hydrogen‚ in which all the valencies of carbon atoms are satisfied by single covalent bonds are called saturated hydrocarbons or alkanes. 1. Covalent bond or Molecular bond or Homopolar bond : A chemical bond formed between two non-metallic elements by the mutual sharing of one or more
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graph‚ a relationship between the hydrocarbon chain of the alkane and its corresponding boiling point can certainly be noticed. There is a increasing correlation which can be explained using the theory that as each hydrocarbon chain gets bigger‚ there are more atoms and thus more electrons which contributes to higher dispersion forces and therefore a higher boiling point which is clearly seen through the graph. b) Uses of the First Ten Alkanes Methane -> A major component of natural gas (fuel).
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Low boiling point group: alkane‚ alkene‚ alkyne and ether Boiling point is the exact temperature that the state of compound change from liquid to gas‚ which need to break the intermolecular forces. The stronger the intermolecular forces‚ the higher the boiling point. Since straight chain alkane‚ alkene and alkyne only experience dispersion forces‚ the compound with more carbons have higher boiling point as more carbons contribute more forces. Branched chain alkanes have lower boiling point than
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