Experimental techniques 2.1 Measurement 2.2 (a) Criteria of purity 2.2 (b) Methods of purification 3. Atoms‚ elements and compounds 4.1 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table 4.2 Bonding the structure of matter 3.2 (a) Ions and ionic bonds 3.2 (b) Molecules and covalent bonds 3.2 (c) Macromolecules 3.2 (d) Metallic bonding 3 Stoichiometry 4.3 The mole concept 4 Electricity and chemistry 5 Chemical energetics 6.4 Energetics of a reaction
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protonated OH group is a good leaving group. Step 1: CH3 CH3-C-CH3 + H+ HO CH3 CH3-C-CH3 H2O+ Fast u u In the second step‚ water molecule is lost with the formation of a carbonium ion. This is the rate determining step. CH3 CH3 u Step 2: Slow CH3-C-CH3 CH3-C-CH3 + H2O + H2O+ In the final step carbonium ion loses proton from its adjacent carbon atom which results in more stable alkene. The anions of the acid or another alcohol molecule will function as a base and facilitate loss of proton.
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Experiment 11: Reactivities of Some Alkyl Halides in Substitution Reactions Materials & Methods: Materials used: 1-bromobutane 1-chlorobutane bromocyclopentane Bromocylcohexane 2-chlorobutane 2-bromobutane 2-chloro2-metylpropane 2-bromo-2-methylpropane Crotyl chloride Bromobenzene Benzyl chloride 1-chloroadamantene Methods/Techniques: Physiochemical Research: Reagent | Formula Weight | Density | Boiling Point | Melting Point | Color | 1-bromobutane | 137.023 g/mol |
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.......................................................... [1] (d) (i) Some properties of elements change as you go down their group in the periodic table. For each property listed below‚ comment on if and how it changes as you go down group 0. reactivity ......................................................................................................................................................................... [1] ................................................................
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Revision checklist for IGCSE Chemistry 0620 A guide for Students Revision checklist for IGCSE Chemistry 0620 A guide for students How to use this guide The guide describes what you need to know about your IGSCE Chemistry examination. It will help you to plan your revision programme for the theory examinations and will explain what the examiners are looking for in the answers you write. It can also be used to help you to revise by using tick boxes in Section 3‚ ‘What you need to know’‚ to check
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1) Demonstrate understanding of the terms atom and molecule. Atom= Smallest Unit of Matter Molecule= 2 or more atoms chemically bonded. 2) Describe paper chromatography. 3) Interpret simple chromatograms. A method used to separate a Solution‚ using a Paper and a beaker of water. The Substances in the Paper go up depending on their Mass. We can say that a Solution has the same substance as another solution because they form a line of the same height. 4) Describe methods of separation
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for halogens and halide Ions Test for halogen Test method Test observations Test chemistry and comments Chlorine gas Cl2 A pungent green gas. (i) Apply damp blue litmus. (Can use red litmus and just see bleaching effect.) (ii) A drop silver nitrate on the end of a glass rod into the gas. (i) litmus turns red and then is bleached white. (ii) White precipitate. (i) Non-metal‚ is acid in aqueous solution and a powerful oxidising agent (ii) It forms a small amount of chloride ion in water‚ so gives
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Brochure BITSAT-2013 A Computer Based Online Test for Admission to Integrated First Degree programmes of BITS‚ Pilani‚ 2013-14 The Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani is an all India Institution declared as Deemed to be University under Section 3 of the UGC Act. Admissions to all the Integrated First Degree programmes of BITS‚ Pilani‚ at Pilani campus‚ Goa campus‚ and Hyderabad Campus for the academic year 2013-14 will be made on the basis of a Computer based Online Test
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reaction. Halide ion is displaced by the alkoxide or phenoxide ion. Gives best results when 1o alkyl halides are used. Mechanism is SN2. Alkoxides may be prepared by reacting an alcohol with NaH or by reacting an alcohol with Na metal. Phenoxides may be prepared by reaction of phenols with NaOH ROH + NaH ROH + Na ArOH + NaOH RO Na - - + + H2 RO Na + + 1/2 H2 + ArO Na - + H2O When 3o alkyl halides are reacted with alkoxide or phenoxide ions‚ elimination
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Synthesis and Structure of Alcohols Alcohols can be considered organic analogues of water. H O H R O H Alcohols are usually classified as primary‚ secondary and tertiary. H R H OH H primary R R OH R R OH OH R secondary tertiary phenol Alcohols with the hydroxyl bound directly to an aromatic (benzene) ring are called phenols. Nomenclature of Alcohols (Normally any compound’s name which ends in –ol is an alcohol of some sort) IUPAC rules that:
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