half-reactions for each metal ion. Check a table of standard reduction potentials (E°). Arrange the list in order of increasing reduction potential (decreasing oxidation potential). How does the activity series of metals from Question 4 compare to the list based on increasing reduction potential? 6. Explain why it was necessary to test the halide ions for their color in mineral oil. 7. In which test tubes did a reaction occur when halogen water was mixed with halide solutions? Explain how to
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Chemistry Exam Study Sheet Organic Chemistry • Study of compounds to which carbon is the principal element. • Carbon is special because it has 4 bonds. Functional Groups • Organic substances are organized into organic families. • Organic Families – group of organic compounds with common structural features. o Each family has a recognizable physical property and a specific structural arrangement. o Each combination is referred to as a functional group. o Even
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Na H – Sodium hydride [ ( CH3 ) 2 CH] 2 N – Li + Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) Alkylation of Acetylides Acetylide anions are both strong bases and good nucleophiles They undergo nucleophilic displacement reactions with alkyl halides to form new C-C bonds to alkyl groups; that is‚ they undergo alkylation
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chemistry‚ not only as solute but also as intermediate to synthesize halide‚ alkene‚ ether‚ aldehyde and ketone etc. In laboratory‚ an important method of synthesizing alcohol is though the addition reaction of Gridnard reagent and carbonyl compound‚ whereas aldehyde is the most reactive and then to ketone or ester. Primary alcohol is produced through reaction between Gridnard reagent and formaldehyde or ethylene oxide or alcohol halide; secondary alcohol is produced using Gridnard reagent and aldehyde
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noble gases‚ rare earths‚ halides‚ etc. in that they fall into series within the table. The earliest periodic table was originated by Dimitri Mendeleif. b. Students know how to use the periodic table to identify metals‚ semimetals‚ non metals‚ and halogens. c. Students know how to use the periodic table to identify alkali metals‚ alkaline earth metals and transition metals‚ trends in ionization energy‚ electronegativity‚ and the relative sizes of ions and atoms d. Students know
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Bonding – Ionic Bonding Structure and Bonding – Covalent and Metallic Bonding Organic Chemistry - Alkanes Organic Chemistry – Alkenes / Addition Polymerisation Organic Chemistry – Alcohols / Condensation Polymerisation Calculations Periodic Table Reactivity Series and Metal Extraction Electrolysis Energetics Acids‚ Bases‚ Salts and Neutralisation Preparing and Analysing Salts Rates Equilibria and the Haber Process -0- Page 1-6 7-8 9-10 11-14 14-17 18-19 20-22 23-32 33-39 40-44 45-48 49-51 52-58 59-63
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the dead bodies. I am going to explain what Ions are including Cations and Anions because it is the background information needed to carry out this investigation. An ion is an atom or molecule which the total number of electrons isn’t equal to the total number of protons giving the atom a positive or negative electrical charge. When an atom is attracted to another atom because it has an unequal number of electrons and protons‚ the atom is called an Ion. If the atom has more electrons than protons
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tertiary alcohols. The first step of the SN1 type dehydration reaction is the protonation of the alcohol to form an alkyloxonium ion and free the halide ion to become the nucleophile. The alkyloxonium ion then loses the oxonium group and becomes the carbocation intermediate. Following its formation‚ the carbocation is captured by the halide and the resultant alkyl halide is formed. The limiting reagent in this reaction is the t-Butyl Alcohol that dictates the maximum possible product formation. As
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atom which has a pKa known to be ̴20 through the use of a strong base for instance‚ n-butyllithium (n-BuLi) or Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA). The result of this is the production of resonance stabilised enolate ion which perfectly be acylated through treatment with an acyl halide yielding the product of interest. However‚ the major limitation of using this type of chemistry in organic synthesis is that if there are other base sensitive functional groups we wish to retain in our starting material
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UNIVERSITY OF THE GAMBIA LECTURE NOTES COURSE: PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY II (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY) CODE: CHM 161 2ND SEMESTER SESSION: 2012/2013 LECTURER: ANTHONY F. ADJIVON UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION Organic chemistry started as the chemistry of life‚ when that was thought to be different from the chemistry in the laboratory. Then it became the chemistry of carbon compounds‚ especially those found in coal. Now it is both. It is the chemistry of the compounds of carbon along with other elements
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