Study material CHEMISTRY CLASS: XII KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN LUCKNOW R E G I O N 2009-2010 Study Material Class XII -Chemistry SHRI RANGLAL JAMUDA IAS‚COMMISSIONER CHIEF Patron KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGTHAN NEW DEHLI SHRI M.S Chauhan Asst. Commissioner Patron Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangthan Lucknow Region SHRI S.S. Rawat Guidance Smt. A.N Siddiqui (Education officer) (Education officer) SHrI K.‚M. Bhatnagar (Education officer) Co-ordinator SHRI. T. Singh Principal K.V. No. 2
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Introduction.- Majority of the time‚ to prepare alkyl halides is via the nucleophilic substitution reactions of alcohols. SN2 reaction is the type of reaction used in this lab experiment. Our objective was to see how a primary alkyl halide reacted with an alcohol. We did a conversion of n-butanol to 1-bromobutane. Br- ions is the nucleophile for this reaction which is generated from an aqueous solution of NaBr. The catalyst that converted the OH functional group of butanol to a better leaving group
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atom are removed and attached to another atom‚ resulting in positive and negative ions which attract each other. Other types of bonds include metallic bonds and hydrogen bonding. The attractive forces between molecules in a liquid can be characterized as van der Waals bonds. What is an Ionic Bond? An ionic bond is a type of chemical bond formed through an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed due to the attraction between an atom that has lost one
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t-Amyl Chloride Using HCL October 27‚ 2011 Purpose: Alkyl halides can be prepared from alcohols by reacting them with a hydrogen halide‚ HX (X = Cl‚ Br‚ or I). The mechanisms of acid-catalyzed substitution of alcohols are termed SN1 and SN2. The “S” stands for substitution‚ the “N” stands for nucleophilic‚ and the “1” or “2” stand for unimolecular or bimolecular. Secondary alcohols react with hydrogen halides by both SN1 and SN2 mechanisms‚ primary alcohols react by SN2 and tertiary
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Synthesis Procedure 1 -1.0 Introduction A Cobalt-Amine-Halide compound is synthesized from cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate. An orange-tinted solid is produced and is considered to be unknown since the specific ligand amounts are unknown. By determining the percent composition of various elements and compounds in the unknown‚ its true identity can be predicted. Chloride‚ ammonia‚ and cobalt are three examples of percent compositions determined to help narrow the selection of possible unknowns
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Question: How do the changeable electrodes of different reactivity affect the energy in Volts measured by a Voltmeter while the Solution and the Salt Bridge stay constant for every single trial by the same amount in each beaker? Background Theory: The conductance of an electrolyte depends upon the number of ions present in the solution. Therefore‚ the greater the number of ions in the solution the greater is the conductance. The number of ions produced by an electrolyte depends upon its nature. The
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basic concepts of silver halide photography. It will not delve into the physics of optics‚ the functioning of cameras and lenses‚ photographic techniques‚ non-silver processes‚ or the artistic aspects of photography. Nor will it go beyond a cursory mention of color photographic processes‚ which will be left for the future. Anyone interested in more detail is referred to the selected bibliographic material cited at the end. A Brief History of Black and White Silver Halide Photography Perhaps
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Anderson Kuo Period 1 CHAPTER 19 – The Representative Elements: Groups 1A through 4A -19.1- A Survey of the Representative Elements I. Elements A. Representative Elements: Groups 1A through 8A ← Filling s and p orbitals ← First member of a group forms the strongest ( bonds; results in diatomic molecules B. Transition Elements: center of the table ← Filling d orbitals C. Lanthanides & Actinides: listed separately‚ on the bottom on the table ← Filling
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substance in the Bunsen burner I got a bright yellow colour which means that the Cation for my substance was sodium ions. Anions To find the Anions I had to go through a series of tests to find out which Anion was present. From all the tests I found out that the test for bromine halide worked and the test for sulphate also worked. Conclusion In conclusion I found out that the ions present in my sample where sodium‚ sulphate and bromine. The Cation was sodium and the Anions where sulphur and
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ALCOHOLS Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced by an -OH group. For the purposes of UK A level‚ we will only look at compounds containing one -OH group. For example: Primary alcohols In a primary (1°) alcohol‚ the carbon which carries the -OH group is only attached to one alkyl group Some examples of primary alcohols include: Secondary alcohols In a secondary (2°) alcohol‚ the carbon with the -OH group attached is joined directly to
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