for iron and 0.03159 M for nickel. Introduction Ion exchange materials are insoluble substances containing loosely held ions which are to be exchanged with other ions in solutions which come in contact with them. These exchanges take place without any physical alterations to be the ion exchange material. Ion exchangers are insoluble acids or bases which have salts which are insoluble‚ and this enables them to exchange either positively charged ions (cations exchanges) r negatively charged one (anion
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Theory: One of the methods of preparing alkyl halides is via the nucleophilic substitution reactions of alcohols. Alcohols are inexpensive materials and easy to maintain. However‚ they are a poor leaving group the OH group is a problem in nucleophilic substitution‚ this problem is fixed by converting the alcohol into H2O. Objective: The objective of this lab is to observe the synthesis of 1-bromobutane in an SN2 reaction‚ to see how a primary alky halide reacts with an alcohol. Reagents: Reagents
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IGCSE PRE-AICE CHEMISTRY 0620 OFFICIAL STUDY GUIDE Notes: To avoid any confusion concerning the symbol for litre‚ dm3 will be used in place of l or litre.Valence electrons are known as valency electrons for this test. Nature of Matter The states of matter are solid‚ liquid‚ and gas‚ in respective order of kinetic energy. State of Matter | Definite Volume | Definite Shape | Solid | Yes | Yes | Liquid | Yes | No | Gas | No | No | Diffusion:
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material. On the other hand‚ the atoms (ions) in ionic materials show strong attractions to other ions in their vicinity. This generally leads to low melting points for covalent solids‚ and high melting points for ionic solids. For example‚ the molecule carbon tetrachloride is a non-polar covalent molecule‚ CCl4. It’s melting point is -23°C. By contrast‚ the ionic solid NaCl has a melting point of 800°C. Ionic Compounds Crystalline solids (made of ions) High melting and boiling points Conduct
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made up of single argon atoms. ·In many substances‚ particles consist of 2 atoms joined together. These are called molecules. ·In other substances‚ particles consist of atoms or groups of atoms that carry a charge. These particles are called ions. Solids liquids and gases Solid Properties: • Definite shape and volume • Normally hard and rigid • Large force required to change shape • High Density • Incompressible Model: • Closely packed • Occupy minimum space
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2. Qualitative ORGANIC functional group tests in various homologous series | TEST FOR | TEST METHOD | OBSERVATIONS | TEST CHEMISTRY and comments | ALKENE or alkyne i.e. any non-aromatic unsaturated hydrocarbon with a double or triple carbon-carbon bond. | Bubble gas through‚ or add liquid to‚ a solution of bromine in hexane or water. | The orange/brown bromine rapidly decolourises‚ as a saturated colourless organic bromo-compound is formed. | R2C=CR2 + Br2 ==> BrR2C-CR2BrRCCR + 2Br2 ==> Br2RC-CRBr2R
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OxidatiOn and ReductiOn OxidatiOn & ReductiOn 9.2 9 Introduction to oxidation and reduction Redox equations Some common oxidising agents and reducing agents (EXT) 9.3 Reactivity 9.4 Voltaic cells 19.1 Standard electrode potentials (AHL) 9.5 Electrolytic cells 19.2 cORe 9.1 Electrolysis (AHL) TOK Are oxidation numbers real? I remember contemplating on the nature of reality back in Chapters 2 and 4‚ with regard to electrons and hybridization respectively
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seen Homogeneous A mixture in which the different components are mixed so that they appear to be a single substance; a solution Physical Properties Chemical Properties Qualitative Quantitative Reactivity with water Reactivity with air Reactivity with pure oxygen Reactivity with acids Reactivity with pure substances Combustibility (flammability) Toxicity Decomposition Physical State Colour Odour Crystal shape Malleability Ductility Hardness Brittleness Melting point Boiling point
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Image Processing Rajasekar S‚ Mohammed Nizar S ECE Department‚ Third Year RMK Engineering College raja.peak@gmail.com smohamednizar@gmail.com +919789356115 +919840515626 Abstract— This document talks about the use of image processing as one of the most crucial element of developing Futuristic Technologies in various fields. I. What is Image processing? Image processing is a method to convert an image into digital form and perform some operations on it‚ in order to get an enhanced
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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1 Lab Report on Oxidation & Reduction I. Metal-Metal Ion Displacement II. Halogen Displacement Reactions INTRODUCTION A series of experiments had been conducted to determine the order of displacement strengths of the metals and halogen chosen for the experiments. A displacement reaction is a reaction in which one element(metal or non-metal) displaces another element(metal or non-metal) from its salt solution. In the displacement reaction of metals‚ the more
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