alkaline hydrolysis of esters‚ the first sweet smell indicated the presence of the alcohol ethanol. A pungent smell then indicated that ethanoic acid was formed. However‚ due to the presence of excess sodium hydroxide‚ this acid was neutralized to form a salt (the salt of the acid). The salt formed was sodium ethanoate. The reaction is represented by this equation: CH3COOCH2CH3 (L) + NaOH (aq)
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commercialized locally. The major material input used for the production of handmade paper was rice straw‚ an agricultural waste which was available in abundance locally. The other inputs which were also available in the domestic market were sodium hydroxide‚ sodium or calcium hypochlorite and paper additives such as rosin size‚ starch and alum (aluminum sulfate or tawas). Rosin size was used to prevent liquid penetration and make paper smooth‚ alum to enhance cohesion of the fibers and starch to bind
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CHEM%2315%Fall%2014% Creating useful and beautiful molecules using synthetic organic chemistry – Synthesis of Aspirin and Indigo INTRODUCTION Aspirin Salicylic acid occurs naturally in the bark of willow trees. Prior to the 1800’s‚ willow bark was often brewed into a tea‚ or chewed to relieve pain. While the salicylic acid is effective at reducing pain it was found to irritate the lining of the stomach. It was mostly by chance that on August 10‚ 1897 Felix Hoffmann‚ a German chemist who obtained
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used to determine the rate constant k of the synthesis of benzoic acid at different temperatures and ethanol concentrations. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor‚ where ethyl benzoate was added to a mixture of water‚ ethanol‚ and sodium hydroxide. The agitation speed of the batch reactor was kept set at 250 rpm and the temperature was varied between 40°C and 45°C. The ethanol concentrations used for this experiment were 0.25M and 0.35M. The concentration of the samples were found by
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(standardize) of an unknown solution of NaOH using the primary standard‚ potassium hydrogen phthalate. Introduction Sodium hydroxide is hygroscopic and absorbs water from the air when you place it on the balance for massing. This water will prevent you from being able to find the exact mass of sodium hydroxide. In order to determine the exact concentration of a sodium hydroxide solution you must standardize it by titrating with a solid acid that is not hygroscopic. Potassium hydrogen phthalate
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pain-killer‚ but it caused severe irritation of the mouth‚ gullet and the lining of the stomach. Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid) 1875- Chemists made sodium salicylate for doctors to try on patients. It was found to have fewer digestive side-effects‚ and still worked to reduce pain‚ however it tasted horrible and caused rheumatism patients to vomit. 1890’s‚ Germany- Felix
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Then 1m L of a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate was added to the tube The contents were mixed forcefully by using a Pasteur pipette and expelling forcefully This was done for about three minutes; the layers were then allowed to separate The lower layer was placed in tube 2 and another 0.15mL of sodium bicarbonate was added The lower layer was then again added to tube 2‚ 1.0 mL of 3 M aqueous sodium hydroxide was added to tube 1 The layers were then
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quickly. One chemical that is made industrially is sodium thiosulfate. Sodium thiosulfate solution is sold in a range of concentrations. Dilute solutions of sodium thiosulfate can be used for cleaning contact lenses and used as a medicine for some cancer patients. Concentrated solutions are used to treat spillages of some chemicals. Sodium thiosulfate is safe to handle and store‚ but if it is mixed with an acid‚ a reaction happens. When dilute sodium thiosulfate is mixed with an acid‚ solid sulphur
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Science Investigatory Project How to make a Biodegradable Plastic using cassava starch? ABSTRACT The study aims to produce biodegradable plastic using cassava starch as its main component. Cassava starch was mixed with water‚ epoxydized soya beanoil (ESBO)‚ glycerol‚ and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The mixture was then compressed and tested. Three preparations were made from the mixture. The first preparation contained 50 grams starch‚ 50 grams water‚ 50 grams PVA‚ 2.5 grams ESBO‚ and 2.5 grams
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Which species is not either an Arrhenius acid or base? (A) HCO3– (B) NaOH (C) HIO4 (D) NH3 6. When we say an ion or a molecule is a base‚ we mean that it has a tendency to (A) combine with protons. (B) combine with electrons. (C) liberate hydroxide ions as the only anions. (D) liberate hydronium ions as the only cations. (E) Form only weakly dissociated salts. 7. Select the pair of substances in which an acid is listed followed by its conjugate base: (A) NH3‚ NH4+ (B) HPO42-‚ H2PO4– (C)
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