Cyp Core 3.1 Children's Development

1.1 Understand the expected pattern of development for children and young people from birth – 19 years; explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth – 19 years.

There are five main aspects to development; each of these must be explored to make sure I fully understand them before giving examples of them at each stage of development.

Physical Development; this is all about physical movements, fine motor skills (drawing using a pen/pencil correctly), gross motor skills (walking and bouncing a ball), and locomotive movements (balancing and walking). Physical development allows children to gain independence.
Cognitive Development; This can also be known as intellectual development, it is strongly linked to communication and language as it is about how the brain processes; from remembering some ones name, to remembering the difference between two different colours.
Communication; This covers all forms of communication, physical gestures such as Makaton and sign language, to talking to each other in conversation, it also covers reading and writing and being able to express yourself in a range of ways. It links to Cognitive Development because as we grow we think more about what others say and how that is interpreted and what we are trying to tell others, and how to word things to get a vision across.
Social and emotional development; expressing oneself and connecting to other are all social development, trying to create relationships, friendships. It is about getting to know yourself and being aware of how different things make you feel, knowing what behaviour is acceptable and what isn’t. This can also be link to cognitive and language development.
Moral Development; this is a sub-set of social and emotional with a strong link to cognitive development. It’s about making decisions to adopt behaviours they create towards others and changing these when it needs to be.

Birth- 1 month
Physical Babies at birth have a number of reflexes.
Swallowing and sucking reflexes, this ensures feeding and swallowing for the baby. Rooting reflex when the baby’s head is touched, it allows the baby to move its head looking for a nipple or teat, to fins milk. Grasp reflex it allows them to grasp things immediately when something touches the palm of their hand, wrapping their fingers around the object. Startle reflex when hearing loud noises or seeing bright lights they can reach their arms out and clench their fists to protect themselves. Walking and standing reflex when the baby’s feet are on a firm surface and held upright, babies will start to make stepping movements.
Cognitive Babies will start to recognise the smell and sound of their main carers.
Communication Babies will cry when distressed, in need of food, or tired.
Social and emotional Close contact with primary carers and family and friends. 1 – 3 months
Physical Babies begin to startle less and begin to look less curled. Babies spend more time awake, and begin to look around their familiar environment, settling in to a routine.
Cognitive Babies may stop crying when they hear familiar voices and start focusing on people’s faces with a range of 20 -25cm.
Communication Crying continues when distressed, hungry or tired, and the ‘coo’ when happy and content. (Generally from 5-6 weeks)
Social and emotional Fleeting smiles when asleep and may make smiles to familiar people and make sounds of joy, when happy.

3 – 6 months
Physical Babies start to grow in weight and height and respond to day time and night time, understanding when to sleep, and generally sleeping through the night. Babies become far more alert, and begin turning their heads and lifting to view surrounding.
Cognitive Babies begin to notice objects around them and start to reach out to them.
Communication Babies begin smiling back and making more gurgled noises. Crying becomes more understood as they form their routines.
Social and emotional Babies begin to enjoy bath time, and make a series of noises, presenting as conversation.

6-9 months
Physical Babies begin to become more alert, turning their heads, to find out where noises and lights came from. Babies will start reaching and grabbing toys, and passing them from one hand to another, grabbing spoons, trying to feed themselves. Babies start to sit unaided and can roll from their back to their front. They also start lifting their hands and feet and balancing on their front.
Cognitive Beginning to put things to the mouth, exploring with fingers.
Communication Lift arms to be picked up, making squealing noises, understands basic words and actions, and making noises in conversation and listens to others with growing concentration.
Social and emotional Become anxious if others handle them, feels they need to stay next to their parents or carers, or familiar adults.

9 months – 1 year
Physical Babies may start crawling and it will become very noticeable of their physical development. Babies will enjoy exploring toys, picking them up and reaching out for toys and putting things in their mouths. Babies also start using fingers to feed their selves.
Cognitive Babies start to explore more things using their hands and mouth.
Communication Babies have strings of babbling and listen to others. They smile and present joyful noises when they see others. When presented with familiar toys or words, they begin to get excited.
Social and emotional They continue to stay near parents but become more experimental on boundaries often going off on their own, when they see something off interest. They become more social with other children, smiling back and waving to others.

1year – 18 months
Physical Babies begin standing by themselves or hold on to furniture and begin to walk using a baby walking or hold hands, when confident they will begin to take steps by their selves, progressing to walking. They enjoy crawling around and enjoy taking their socks of as a sense of feeling.
Cognitive Recognises routines, becoming excited when near bath water, or excited when a bib is put on.
Communication Babies begin pointing at objects to draw adult’s attention. Babies also begin to make noises similar to words, and may pick up sounds and repeat them (no, ma ma ma).
Social and emotional They are still anxious around strangers but enjoy familiar company and begin to show off their new skills to familiar people to gain applause and attention.

18 months – 2 years
Physical They begin walking with more confidence and moving sideways. They may start moving in ways as round and wiggling, creating a dance. Toddlers begin to sit and use their feet to push off with toys.
Cognitive They enjoy playing with pop-up toys and posting things, such as coins in a money jar.
Communication Toddlers have less babbling and begin to make more sense of words and using simple phrases. They can also understand simple sentences (let’s wash hands).
Social and emotional They can separate from carer with curiosity but still enjoy a familiar adult present. They start to show an interest in other children’s play and show signs of angry and frustration.

2 – 2½ years
Physical They enjoy freedom and doing things for themselves, which may become frustrating when it is dangerous and adults intervene. They enjoy running and climbing and may start to pedal bikes.
Cognitive They begin to develop motor and memory skills by completing small jigsaws and building with large blocks.
Communication Their vocabulary has grown to around 200 words and they can hold a basic conversation with adults and peers.
Social and emotional They tend to play alongside their peers not quite with them, but copying and enjoying watching other playing and using it within their own ways of play. They may become angry and frustrated if they can’t do what they want to do but also show signs of joy and laugh when happy and excited.

2½ – 3 years
Physical They begin to understand more about pushing and pedalling a tricycle. They may move chairs to reach up high, or climb on tables. Potty training starts to begin, understanding their toileting needs.
Cognitive They enjoy pretend play with farm animals and small world models, or may enjoy spending time with practical life resources.
Communication They begin to hold longer conversations using two word compounds (daddy gone).
Social and emotional Having temper tantrums if they are not happy or their wants are not met. Play alongside their peers and sometimes engaging in group activities, talking to peers more and creating joint play.
Moral Doesn’t understand what is right and wrong but accepts praise and understand the word ‘no’.

3 – 4 years
Physical Walking upstairs using alternate feet. Understanding toileting needs and can wash hands comfortably, drinking from big cups and beginning to use knife and fork when eating.
Cognitive Enjoys mark-making, gluing and sticking. Enjoys taking part in messy activities and begins to use one hand more than the other.
Communication Speech is understood now having a growing vocabulary of around 1000 words.
Social and emotional Plays alongside other children with ease enjoys others play and is interested in joining in. Becomes more willing to share and temper tantrums become less frequent. They are happy to leave carers and become more willing to go to nursery/ pre-school to see familiar peers.
Moral Begins to follow basic rules and understands things that are dangerous, although cannot fully understand right and wrong.

4-5 years
Physical Their skills become more difficult as they start threading, pouring and transferring food and drinks. They begin making secure cuts in paper and can cut around shapes, following lines.
Cognitive They begin to concentrate more on activities when it has taken their interest.
Communication They enjoy asking questions and finding out about new things. They enjoy talking and engaging in conversation.
Social and emotional They enjoy adult praise and enjoy playing with other children especially in role play; they begin to argue with peers but quickly move on and go in other directions with play.
Moral Children become more thoughtful, but don’t understand the action, but do it for adult approval.

5 -7 years
Physical Children begin to kick and manipulate a ball in ways which they desire. Their handwriting becomes more understandable, showing clear distinction in letters. They have increased in using fine manipulative movements.
Cognitive They begin able to count to high numbers, with understanding and start doing simple sums.
Communication They decode familiar words and their vocabulary grows to 4000-5000 words
Social and emotional Begin to make friendships, and go around for tea and stay over, although they still enjoy comfort from main carers and for their emotional needs.
Moral Becoming more keen to understand rules and enjoys praise for good behaviour.

7 – 9 years
Physical They begin drawing and cutting out accurately. They also understand full control of toileting needs, and can also use a knife and fork correctly without assistance.
Cognitive Begins reading and interpreting images from the words, creating their own story from images and words become more difficult. Although they begin to read with increasing recall.
Communication They enjoy telling jokes and hearing jokes from their peers. They begin to argue and try negotiate and persuasion.
Social and emotional They have stable friendships although; if they don’t have friends it may affect their self-esteem. They have clear interest in activities more suited for boys or girls.
Moral Children become more aware of rules making them themselves. They become more aware of when rules have been broken and point them out when others have broken the rules.

9 – 11 years
Physical Puberty begins mainly for girls and breasts begin to bud. They gain greater co-ordination and can rush fine and gross motor skills.
Cognitive They begin problem solving, such as taking turns and having a fair share in toys.
Communication They begin writing and telling stories showing imagination and are reasonably grammatical.
Social and emotional They may develop stable friendships and gain enthusiasm when given a task or responsibility.
Moral Becomes more aware of consequence of actions and increase thoughtfulness.

11 – 13 years
Physical Growth changes within the body begin, as girls start puberty mainly around age 11 and most boys not hitting puberty until 13.
Cognitive Enjoys problem solving and can do it quickly. Understands more abstract concepts.
Communication Becomes more confident in reading and writing and grows in negotiating with adults and peers.
Social and emotional Has strong friendships may become nervous about moving to a larger school with a more formal curriculum. Teenagers will start to test boundaries and become more experimental in relationships.
Moral Begins to understand the need for rules in society.

13 – 19 years
Physical Body begins to change more rapidly taking up to 3 years for boys.
Cognitive High level of skills in using technology.
Communication Uses phones and computers to communicate with friends and vocabulary is around 20000 -50000 words, reaching about maximum only learning new ones as it suits their needs
Social and emotional High confidence when around peers, peers pressure hits a maximum and people in the attack line of bullying may have very low self esteem and may try to commit suicide. Begins to develop own preferences in clothing and music, conflict with other peers is expected as they argue over their differences.
Moral Clearly understands wrong and right. Has an interest in moral issues.