INTRODUCTION – NEED FOR BIO-FUELS The recent upheavals in the oil market leading to record oil prices‚ have again turned the world attention to alternative sources of energy. A number of them are being researched Nuclear energy‚ Hydrogen energy‚ Wind energy‚ Solar energy & Bio-energy. Use of nuclear energy and hydrogen energy for civilian purposes are in very nascent stages. Fuel cells are more promising‚ but they are yet to be put in commercial practice. Wind energy and solar energy
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preparation of aspirin and oil of wintergreen | Introduction Organic compounds are those which contain carbon as well as a select other elements. An organic acid however‚ is an organic compound which contains acidic properties. An ester is an example of being a derivative of these organic acids. Esters can be prepared by the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols‚ with an inorganic acid used as a catalyst which is dubbed esterification. With o-hydrobenzoic acid‚ or salicylic
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Carbon and Its Compounds Carbon: Introduction Atomic Number: 6 Electronic Configuration: 2‚ 4. Valence electrons: 4 Property: Non-metal Abundance:- Carbon is the 4th most abundant substance in universe and 15th most abundant substance in the earth’s crust. Compounds having carbon atoms among the components are known as carbon compounds. Previously‚ carbon compounds could only be obtained from a living source; hence they are also known as organic compounds. Bonding In Carbon:- The Covalent
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known or accepted value. METHODOLOGY I. Materials 50-mL graduated cylinder 125-mL flask Electronic balance Block of wood Watch glass 25 centavos coin Tongs 10.00 mL pipet Pipet bulb Metric ruler Distilled water Liquid sample (Ethyl acetate) II. Procedure A. Density of Water 1. Weigh a clean dry graduated cylinder. 2. Add exactly 20 mL Distilled Water in the graduated cylinder. 3. Weigh the graduated cylinder with Distilled water. 4. Make sure that all the data are recorded
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steps involved protecting the ketone of ethyl acetoacetate with a ketal group‚ followed by preparation and reaction with Grignard‚ then purification by extraction and recrystallization. The yield was 78.5%‚ but there are impurities present suggested by 1H-NMR‚ IR‚ and TLC. However‚ the results do indicate the desired hydroxyketone was formed. Introduction: The purpose of this multi-step lab was to synthesize 4-hydroxy-4‚4-diphenylbutan-2-one from ethyl acetoacetate. The Grignard reaction is widely
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compound that shifted alkane group by “2”‚ and the signal at 2 indicate the alkane group must be attached with carbonyl group. Thus‚ all the information collected from NMR suggested that the product of fisher esterification was (1‚3-dimthylbutyl) acetate. A number of errors could have occurred in this experiment‚ which could have limited the amount of desired product yield. First‚ if not enough acid catalyst was used‚ protonation of the carbonyl group on the carboxylic acid would have been difficult
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The average contents (±SD) of kaurenoic acid in the Araliae Continentalis Radix extract powder were estimated as 1.147±0.008 mg in 1.0054 g‚ usual dose of Araliae Continentalis Radix. Quantification of kaurenoic acid UPLC–MS/MS has been emerging as a powerful analytical technique for the determination of analyte in biological samples to improve sensitivity and selectivity. Herein‚ we developed a simple‚ selective‚ and sensitive bioanalytical UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of kaurenoic
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gas balloons were used to supply H2 gas to the flask. The reaction mixture was stirred for 15 h under hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature. Ethyl acetate was added to the reaction mixture and the Pd/C was removed by filtration. Solvent was removed in vacuo to afford 3-perylenepentanol as yellow solid. Yield (0.43 g‚ 134 %). Rf 0.49 (hexane : ethyl acetate‚ 1 : 1). δH (500 MHz‚ CDCl3) 1.08 - 1.27 (2 H‚ m‚ 3’-CH2)‚ 1.50 (3 H‚ br s‚ 2’-CH2) ‚ 1.86 - 2.02 (2 H‚ m‚ 4’-CH2) ‚ 2.66 (1 H‚ br t‚ J = 6.3
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and ester formed. Hypothesis For test tube A I hypothesized that the final ester would be 2-methylpropyl formate. For test tube B I hypothesized the final ester would be octyl acetate. For test tube C I hypothesized it would be methyl salicylate. For test tube D I hypothesized it would be isopentyl acetate. Materials and Methods Apparatus 4 test tubes Test tube rack Graduated cylinder (10 mL) 150 mL beaker 250 mL beakers (2) Hot plate Thermometer Safety glasses Beaker tongs
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Mechanism: Side Reaction: Experimental: Table of Chemicals: Cyclopentadiene Maleic Anhydride Ethyl Acetate Hexane 66.10 g/mol 98.06 g/mol 88.11 g/mol 86.18 g/mol MP: -90º C BP: 39-43º C MP: 52.8º C BP: 202º C MP: -83.6º C BP: 77.1º C MP: -96--94º C BP: 68-69º C Cyclopenta-1‚3-diene Furan-2‚5-diene Ethyl Acetate Hexane Results: The crystals obtained through the Diels-Alder reaction were not plate-like‚ as were expected. We
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