The experimental melting point range of the desired alkene product‚ trans-9-(2-phenylethenyl) anthracene‚ was found to be 132-134 ˚C‚ in comparison to the literature value melting point range of 130-132˚C‚1 it was slightly higher than expected. Overall‚ the experimental melting point range varied from the initial melting point temperature and maximum melting point temperature by 2˚C. As the experimental melting point had a small range of temperature variance and was above that of the literature value
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fructose which is found in milk and galactose which is found in honey. Both pentoses and hexoses are mostly found in monosaccharides. They are the most simplest sugar which cannot be futher hydrolysed into smaller units. They contain either an aldehyde group or ketone group. They can de used to make polysaccharides‚ although only one type of monosaccharides is used in each type of monosaccharides. They have two types of linkage‚ that is 1‚4 and 1‚6 glycosidic bonds that are common between
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Carbon and Its Compounds Carbon: Introduction Atomic Number: 6 Electronic Configuration: 2‚ 4. Valence electrons: 4 Property: Non-metal Abundance:- Carbon is the 4th most abundant substance in universe and 15th most abundant substance in the earth’s crust. Compounds having carbon atoms among the components are known as carbon compounds. Previously‚ carbon compounds could only be obtained from a living source; hence they are also known as organic compounds. Bonding In Carbon:- The Covalent
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TEST | REAGENTS | PROCEDURE | RATIONALE/PRINCIPLE | POSITIVE REACTION | PHENYLHYDRAZINE | phenylhydrazine | | The aldehyde groups of simple carbohydrates will react with phenylhydrazine but instead of yielding typical phenylhydrazones they make what is termed osazones where the OH group immediately adjacent to the keto group is oxidized to a keto group and it too adds phenylhydrazine to form the yellow to pale orange osazones that have definite melting points. So assignment of presumptive identity
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i.e. Cx(H2O)y‚ although this ratio is often not strictly true and occasionally other atoms may be present. The carbons are arranges in a chain (most often 5-6 atoms) functionalized with alcohol groups. The terminal carbon either carries either an aldehyde or a ketone functional group. Carbohydrates are classified based on size of base carbon chain‚ number of sugar units‚ location of C=O and stereochemistry. Classifications of carbohydrate are monosaccharides‚ disaccharides‚ oligosaccharides‚ and polysaccharides
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presence of aldehyde or keto groups in the sugars. Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because the aldehyde group of glucose is linked to the keto group of fructose and loses its reducing ability. The Benedict’s test is used as it allows the detection of the presence of reducing sugars. All monosaccharaides and some disaccharides which have exposed carbonyl groups will react with Benedict’s solution‚ whereas other disaccharides will not react with Benedict’s solution. The electrons from the aldehyde or ketone
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Carbohydrates are macromolecules whose basic units are called monosaccharides (or simple sugars). These simple sugars are polyhydroxy aldehydes (aldoses) or ketones (ketoses)‚ depending on the chemical nature of their carbonyl group‚ containing at least three carbon atoms. The smallest monosaccharides with only three carbon atoms are collectively known as trioses; while those with four‚ five‚ six‚ and so on carbon atoms are called tetroses‚ pentoses‚ hexoses and so on‚ respectively. Carbohydrates
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However‚ carbohydrates are not true hydrates in the chemical sense. Carbohydrates‚ chemically‚ are polyhydroxy aldehydes (-CHO) or ketones (C=O) or compounds which upon hydrolysis yield these compounds. Note that each carbon in a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone structure‚ except for the carbonyl functional group (in yellow)‚ bears a hydroxyl (OH) functional group (in green). Polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones with the same number of carbons are structural isomers of each other. CH. Generally‚ Carbohydrates
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Preparation and purification of acetylsalicylic acid Results and Data treatment (A) Preparation of aspirin i) Details about the reactants Reaction of the acetylation of salicylic acid is following From the balanced reaction above‚ it can be seen that the stoichiometry between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride is 1: 1. In this experiment‚ 21.7mmol of salicylic acid was used to react 6.0mL of acetic anhydride and salicylic acid was limiting reagent. The expected amount of salicylic
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Methanol is a primary alcohol because it is bonded with one alkyl group‚ so it means that it can be oxidized to either aldehydes or carboxylic acids‚ depending on the reaction condition‚ but in this reaction formaldehyde is formed which is an aldehyde. The reaction (see Figure 2) forms an aldehyde because the used an excess of the alcohol‚ this means that there is not enough oxidizing agent present. CH3OH + [O] ==> HCHO + H2O Figure 2 Dehydration
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