11.5 Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes Basal level - Low level of transcription Activators - Gene specific transcription factors Enhancers - Regulatory sequences that augment transcription Silencers - Regulatory sequences that diminish transcription Initiator - RNA polymerase II - Promoter‚ together with TATA (TFIID) *Looping enhances transcription Transcription-coupled Repair (TCR) - DNA repair mechanism Response Elements - Enhancers that respond to metabolic
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A BRIEF HISTORY OF PHARMACOGNOSY In 780 AD ‚ a Greek pharmaco-botanist Pedanios Dioscorides wrote and described about 600 plants with medicinal properties in his book “De materia medica libre cinque(concerning medical matter in five volumes). Galen was a Greek pharmacist-physician who lived in Rome and who describe the method of preparing formulas containing plant and animal drugs and the term ”galenical pharmacy” was originated. In 19th century material medica (medical
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variety of bananas are taken as they are rich in cellulose and are kept in hot oven at 338K and dried sample is taken and is dissolved in hot water for starch extraction through soxhlet apparatus. This solution is treated with amylase enzyme for hydrolysis of starch to occur. It is the subjected to fermentation process by inoculation of S.cerevisiae for 3 days at 300K which results in the production of ethanol. Ethanol from the solution is extracted by the Steam distillation which is the most efficient
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Digestion define as a process where foods been breaking down by enzymatic action in the Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) into nutrients in preparation for absorption. GI tract is the flexible muscular tube from mouth to anus. The digestion of carbohydrates begin in the mouth‚ where an enzyme‚ salivary amylase (α-amylase;ptyalin) starts to breaking the polysaccharides (starch) into short polysaccharides (dextrin). Dextrin is a partial degradation of starch‚ shorter chains of maltose units. Salivary
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7 properties of Bio 1. Order 2. Reproduction 3. Growth and Development 4. Energy Processing 5. Response to the enverionment 6. Regulation 7. Evolutionary adaptation Biosphree; all of the elements that support lifewater land lower atmosphere madagascar Ecosystem; all organisms living in a particular area. Forrest in Madagascar Community- array of organisms. Birds snakes trees. All organisms in the forest Population- Group of ringtaiiled monkeys ‚ all individuals in a single area
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SBI4U-C 1 Lesson Introducing Biochemistry 1 Lesson 1 Biology SBI4U-C Introduction If you think about it‚ living things are made up of chemicals. The cells‚ tissues‚ organs‚ and organ systems that together make up a functioning organism are all the product of interacting chemicals. In order to understand how the organism functions‚ you must also recognize how these chemicals function. The study of the chemicals that are involved in living things is known as biochemistry
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working hard and forming realistic hypothesis‚ we were able to find the correct data. Introduction The chemical reaction that is being studied is the hydrolysis of starch and the enzyme that is being studied is amylase. Amylase is found in the saliva. This experiment is looking at the various effects on the rate of the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch. Enzymes are biological catalysts that carry out thousands of chemical reactions that occur in living cells. Generally large proteins‚ enzymes are
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Acetylsalicylic Acid September 15‚ 2005 September 23‚ 2005 OBJECTIVES The objective of this lab experiment is to prepare aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) by reacting salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. INTRODUCTION This purpose of this lab was to prepare aspirin using its basic components: salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Salicylic acid and acetic anhydride‚ along with an acid catalyst‚ react to form acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and acetic acid. In this reaction‚ the hydroxyl group
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slight positive charge of another water molecule Moles Divide for litersgrams 1 Mol per ml/ liters 1 mole of anything=6.02x1023 Gibbs Free Energy Endergonic reaction Absorbs energy (+ Exergonic Spontaneous and released energy (-) ATP Hydrolysis (Exergonic reaction) Phosphate group leaves ATP ADP Energy is released pH Scale 0-6.9: Acidic [H+ ]>[OH- ] 7=Neutral [H+ ]=[OH- ] 7.1-14-Basic [H+ ]<[OH- ] Buffers maintain pH Cell membrane Cell membrane Phospholipids and proteins Factors
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and indicate neutral? 14. What is an acid? 15. What is a base? 16. What is a buffer and how do they function? 17. What are the 4 molecules of life? Discuss each in detail. 18. What does organic mean? 19. What are condensation reactions and hydrolysis reactions? 20. Describe the 4 levels of protein structure. 21. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fat. Homework - Chapter 4 1. Who was to first person to observe cells? 2. What does the cell theory state and who formulated this theory
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