to drive their metabolic reactions. A molecule of ATP consists of one adenosine molecule and three phosphate groups. One molecule can be hydrolysed to produce one molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) plus one inorganic phosphate (Pi). This hydrolysis reaction releases 30.6kJ of energy so energy is immediately available to all cells in small amounts that will not damage the cell or be wasted. P P P ATP is described as the universal energy currency of cells. This is because it is a high-energy
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Donepezil It is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which binds to peripheral anionic site not exerting only symptoms effect in the Alzheimer’s disease treatment. The drug is made by drug making companies (Eisai and Pfizer) with the trade mark Ariceft. Its main use is to treat from mild to normal Alzheimer’s disease. some studies have stated that donepezil has improved cognitive functions in patient of severe Alzheimer’s disease. The drug is found from 5 to 10 mg dose strength. And cure
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Sodium acetate is a salt formed by the neutralization between a weak acid and a strong base. The resulting salt is slightly is basic‚ and when it’s dissolved in the water‚ hydrolysis occurs. Water is more occupied with OH-‚ hence the solution is basic. But in ammonium chloride‚ a salt formed by the neutralization between strong acid and relatively weaker base‚ more H+ ions are produced and the solution becomes acidic. Also
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how starch and cellulose are treated to allow them to be used by the yeast? One potential ethanol feedstock is starch. Starch molecules are made up of long chains of glucose molecules. Thus‚ starchy materials can also be fermented after breaking starch molecules into simple glucose molecules. Examples of starchy materials commonly used around the world for ethanol production include cereal grains‚ potato‚ sweet potato‚ and cassava. A great amount of ethanol fuel is currently produced by starch
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formation of an 1‚4-glycosidic bond. Depending on the monosaccharides used‚ this can be an α-1‚4-glycosidic bond or a β-1‚4-glycosidic bond. The reverse of this reaction‚ the formation of two monosaccharides from one disaccharide‚ is called a hydrolysis reaction and requires one water molecule to supply the H and OH to the sugars formed. Triglyceride & Phospholipids difference: Phospholipids and triglycerides are both composed of fatty acids attached to a molecule called glycerol. A glycerol
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enzyme with the E.C. number 3.5.3.1 (Worthington 2015). This details it as a hydrolase enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of bonds through the addition of water. For this experiment‚ we pay close attention to the reaction where arginase catalyses the hydrolysis of arginine to ornithine and urea. This reaction is a part of the urea cycle and occurs in mammalian livers and sometimes kidneys. The reactions take place within the mitochondria and cytosol(Nelson and Cox 2008). To investigate these reactions
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changes the concentration of hydrogen ions _____times (you fill in the blank). 10. What are the 4 classes of macromolecules? a. Know the monomer‚ polymer and bond name for each type b. Polymers are formed through dehydration and broken down by hydrolysis c. Lipids are the only macromolecule not formed like this d. Know example molecules for each type of macromolecule 11. Carbohydrates a.
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For my final project the first compound I synthesized was Dulcin. Dulcin is an artificial sweetening agent that is 200 times as sweet as sucrose. It is also‚ the second synthetic sweeter that was discovered. The first synthetic sweetener‚ saccharin‚ was discovered five years prior to Dulcin. The discovery of Dulcin occurred in 1883. Approximately seven years after it’s discovery‚ J.D. Reidel‚ of Berlin‚ was able to synthesis Dulcin at a reasonable cost. Once it became possible to synthesis at a reasonable
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source of ATP in anaerobic microorganisms 13. Under anaerobic conditions Fermentation is the metabolic pathway that regenerates the supplu of NAD+ for glycolysis 14. For a bond to be “high energy” such as between phosphate groups in ATP‚ The hydrolysis of such a bond is particularly energetically favorable 15. Sugars‚ fats and amino acids can be converted to Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria 16. When fatty acids are oxidized to Acetyl CoA‚ each cycle of the reaction removes 2 carbon atoms from
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Introduction and Hypothesis: Rust is a reddish or yellowish-brown flaky coating of iron oxide that is formed on iron or steel by oxidation‚ especially in the presence of moisture. The rusting process is electrochemical‚ meaning it forms from a chemical reaction which takes place in a solution where there is an electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution. In the case of rusting‚ the transfer of electrons from iron to oxygen begins the electrochemical process
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