Abstract The spread of antibiotic resistance is a universal threat to both humans and animals for treatment of microbial infections. The antibiotic resistance is generally not preventable but can still be controlled. Prolonged and repeated use of antibiotic leads to many pathogen becoming resistant to antibiotics. The resistance may be either intrinsic or acquired depending on the condition. Although classically attributed to chromosomal mutations‚ resistance is most commonly associated with
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● Lysine is a base Physical properties: Polar‚ positively charged ● ● ● Highly reactive Hydrophilic Solubility: ^ soluble in cold water ● ● Reactivity: 0 Flammability: 1 (may be combustible at high temps Protein Structure Dehydration Hydrolysis Stabilizing Forces 1) Hydrophobic Interactions Non polar amino acids (leucine and phenylalanine are two examples). Weakest type of bond. 2) Hydrogen bonds: Polar or charged amino acids (example Tyrosine). Weak interaction but stronger than
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to drive their metabolic reactions. A molecule of ATP consists of one adenosine molecule and three phosphate groups. One molecule can be hydrolysed to produce one molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) plus one inorganic phosphate (Pi). This hydrolysis reaction releases 30.6kJ of energy so energy is immediately available to all cells in small amounts that will not damage the cell or be wasted. P P P ATP is described as the universal energy currency of cells. This is because it is a high-energy
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Donepezil It is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor which binds to peripheral anionic site not exerting only symptoms effect in the Alzheimer’s disease treatment. The drug is made by drug making companies (Eisai and Pfizer) with the trade mark Ariceft. Its main use is to treat from mild to normal Alzheimer’s disease. some studies have stated that donepezil has improved cognitive functions in patient of severe Alzheimer’s disease. The drug is found from 5 to 10 mg dose strength. And cure
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Sodium acetate is a salt formed by the neutralization between a weak acid and a strong base. The resulting salt is slightly is basic‚ and when it’s dissolved in the water‚ hydrolysis occurs. Water is more occupied with OH-‚ hence the solution is basic. But in ammonium chloride‚ a salt formed by the neutralization between strong acid and relatively weaker base‚ more H+ ions are produced and the solution becomes acidic. Also
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formation of an 1‚4-glycosidic bond. Depending on the monosaccharides used‚ this can be an α-1‚4-glycosidic bond or a β-1‚4-glycosidic bond. The reverse of this reaction‚ the formation of two monosaccharides from one disaccharide‚ is called a hydrolysis reaction and requires one water molecule to supply the H and OH to the sugars formed. Triglyceride & Phospholipids difference: Phospholipids and triglycerides are both composed of fatty acids attached to a molecule called glycerol. A glycerol
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enzyme with the E.C. number 3.5.3.1 (Worthington 2015). This details it as a hydrolase enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of bonds through the addition of water. For this experiment‚ we pay close attention to the reaction where arginase catalyses the hydrolysis of arginine to ornithine and urea. This reaction is a part of the urea cycle and occurs in mammalian livers and sometimes kidneys. The reactions take place within the mitochondria and cytosol(Nelson and Cox 2008). To investigate these reactions
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changes the concentration of hydrogen ions _____times (you fill in the blank). 10. What are the 4 classes of macromolecules? a. Know the monomer‚ polymer and bond name for each type b. Polymers are formed through dehydration and broken down by hydrolysis c. Lipids are the only macromolecule not formed like this d. Know example molecules for each type of macromolecule 11. Carbohydrates a.
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structure and properties. Keep in mind how their properties will affect how they interact with other molecules. 11. How do you build a polymer? How do you breakdown a polymer? Build by dehydration from monomers and take out wather‚ break down by hydrolysis add water to form monomers 12. Know the 4 major macromolecules. Here are some important things you should know from each category. a. Carbohydrates- Glucose‚ alpha-glucose-starch‚ beta-glucose-cellulose‚ monomer: monosaccharides‚ polymer:
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how starch and cellulose are treated to allow them to be used by the yeast? One potential ethanol feedstock is starch. Starch molecules are made up of long chains of glucose molecules. Thus‚ starchy materials can also be fermented after breaking starch molecules into simple glucose molecules. Examples of starchy materials commonly used around the world for ethanol production include cereal grains‚ potato‚ sweet potato‚ and cassava. A great amount of ethanol fuel is currently produced by starch
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