Polyphenols (also sometimes termed ‘phenolics’)‚ are benzene rings which is a class of chemical compounds that consists of a hydroxyl (-OH) group‚ which is directly bonded to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. Phenolic compounds are widely produced industrially however; they are also produced by plants (mainly for protection against stress) and microorganisms where variations occur between different species. Polyphenols play vital roles in the growth of plants‚ especially in lignin and pigment biosynthesis
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The Sanger Method was developed by Frederic Sanger. It was the first method developed to sequence the genome and the genetic code and is still the most commonly used method of DNA sequencing. In 1980 Sanger was awarded a nobel prize in chemistry for his work concerning DNA sequencing along with Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert who also contribuated in this major breakthrough. Since then the Dideoxy chain termination method has been highly developed and optimised. To sequence DNA in term of the Sanger
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Peptidoglycan‚ also known as murein‚ is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria (but not Archaea)‚ forming the cell wall. The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β-(1‚4) linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. Attached to the N-acetylmuramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids. The peptide chain can be cross-linked to the peptide chain of another strand forming the 3D mesh-like
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Chapter 7: Carbohydrates I. Carbohydrates A. Most abundant organic molecule in nature a) 3 major classes: Monosaccharides – simple sugar – polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone; represent individual sugar Oligosaccharides – consist of short chains of monosaccharide units joined together by covalent bonds; 2-10 strings of sugar Polysaccharides – long chains having hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide units b) Functions: Provide energy thru oxidation – glucose oxidized for energy Supply carbon
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percentage recovery of products. Test for purity and identification of products. Abstract Cyclohexene and cyclohexanol are both colourless aromatic compounds. The major difference between the two is the presence of the hydroxyl group present in cyclohexanol. This hydroxyl group can be removed by a process known as dehydration which results in the production of cyclohexene at the end of the dehydration process in the presence of a catalyst which‚ in this case‚ was 85% phosphoric acid. Dehydration
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The Disease Process of Atherosclerosis & its Complication; Myocardial infarction Loretta Zambito McMaster University HTH SCI 2C06 Dr. Ruth Hannon March 11‚ 2013 Atherosclerosis is the primary topic for this research paper. It is a disease process that can lead to many complications‚ one of which is called myocardial infarction; otherwise known as a heart attack. Atherosclerosis‚ or the hardening of the arteries‚ is defined as a disease characterized by abnormal thickening of the
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CARBOXYLIC ACID Introduction: Organic compounds containing (–C(O)–OH) as a functional group are called carboxylic acids. The –C (O)-OH group which itself is made up of a carbonyl group (>C=O) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) is called a carboxyl group (carb from carbonyl and oxyl from hydroxyl group). Carboxylic acid may be an aliphatic or an aromatic depending upon whether –C–OH is attached to an alkyl group ( or a hydrogen atom) or an aryl group. Their general formulas are; ALIPHATIC CARBOXYLIC ACID:
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Organic chemistry Organic chemistry is one of the ‘branches’ of chemistry and is seen as distinct from other branches‚ such as inorganic and physical chemistry. It can be described as the chemistry living processes (often referred to as biochemistry) but extends beyond that. It focuses almost entirely on the chemistry of covalently bonded carbon molecules and as well as life processes‚ it includes the chemistry of other types of compounds‚ including plastics‚ petrochemicals‚ drugs and paint
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Thomas D Extended Research Task “The health benefits of red wine have come to light in recent years. Hope is on the horizon‚ and it may be in your glass!” Despite a seemingly indulgent high saturated fat diet‚ the French have a substantially lower death rate from coronary disease than any other major country. This phenomenon had been named the French Paradox and it is suggested that their consumption red wine may account for this strange occurrence (Mark Gould‚ 12/03/2006). In recent years
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other functional groups in the molecule‚ especially if they are close by‚ are more likely to profoundly modify the characteristics of the functional group in question. The functional group we are considering in this experiment is the hydroxy (or hydroxyl) functional group‚ -OH. This group shows up in a number of guises in organic compounds. Some of the common ones are shown in the table below. Functional Group Structure Compound Generic Name Comments alcohol In an alcohol‚ the -OH is
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