Experiment #1 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of 2‚4-dinitrochlorobenze Name: Anouk Deck-Leger Student I.D: 9380868 Date performed: September 13th‚ 2010 Due Date: September 20th‚ 2010 Introduction: The company DNCB produces large amounts of 2‚4-dinitrochlorobenzene and they sell this product to treat against warts and severe and chronic hair loss. It can also be used as an alternative treatment for HIV. The supervisor notices an excess amount of m-aminobenzoic acid stored away which
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crucial secondary side reactions‚ such as those in equations (iii)‚ (iv) and (vi)‚ and this in turn results in the main product formed in (i) being only available in small amounts because of the previously mentioned unstable equilibrium‚ while nucleophile OH- in equation (iii) is much higher1. When the OH- reacts with alkyl halide (iii) or acyl halide (iv)‚ the conjugate base will tend to react with the unreacted carbonyl compound by means of an aldol condensation reaction as shown in equation
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Thiamine was the catalyst in this reaction. The thiazolium ion attacks the benzaldehyde. Thiazolium is made in situ by adding base‚ which was NaOH in this reaction. The thiazolium ion attacks the carbonyl of the benzaldehyde‚ this served as a nucleophile. This created a negative charge on the benzaldehyde‚ which attracted another molecule of benzaldehyde. The thiamine leaves the compound and a double oxygen bond is made‚ leaving this new compound‚ benzoin‚ neutral. The second step was an
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General Features of Oxidative Additions Oxidative addition reactions usually involve a coordinatively unsaturated 16-electron metal complex or five-coordinate 18-electron species‚ and take the general from: [pic] If the A and B ligands in the product are considered to be formally –1‚ then the metal center has increased its oxidation state by +2‚ and this is the origin of the name oxidative addition. Oxidative reaction can occur when a metal complex
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ATP synthase (EC 3.6.3.14) is an important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the most commonly used "energy currency" of cells from most organisms. It is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi)‚ and needs energy. The overall reaction sequence is: ADP + Pi → ATP‚ where ADP and Pi are joined together by ATPsynthase Energy is often released in the form of protium or H+‚ moving down an electrochemical
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carbon will have a partial positive charge compared to the two functional groups mentioned. In nucleophilic substitution reaction‚ the electrons of the partially negative hydroxyl group of the alcohol (nucleophile) attacks the partially positive carbon on the acid (electrophile). Eventually‚ the nucleophile donates its electrons to
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oxidation-reduction reaction‚ the secondary alcohol of cyclohexanol is oxidized to form the ketone cyclohexanone‚ and the Cl of NaOCl is reduced to form NaCl. This reaction utilizes the catalyst acetic acid to speed up the reaction by forming HOCL when the nucleophile OCl- removes the acidic H from acetic acid. This same H bonds to the oxygen of cyclohexanol and the OCl- attaches to the carbon the alcohol group was attached to at the same time water is removed. Next‚ the water removes the acidic hydrogen‚
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undergo electrophilic aromatic substitutions rather than addition reactions. Substitution of a new group for a hydrogen atom takes place via a resonance-stabilized carbocation. As the benzene ring is quite electron-rich‚ it almost always behaves as a nucleophile in a reaction which means the substitution on benzene occurs by the addition of an electrophile. Substituted benzenes tend to react at predictable positions. Alkyl groups and other electron-donating substituents enhance substitution and direct it
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University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy Organic Chemistry Laboratory APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEST TO CLASSIFY HYROXY- AND CARBONYL-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS Jane Catherine SP. Villanueva‚ Edenn Claudine C. Villaraza‚ Lorenz Oliver C. Villegas and Cristel Bernice T. Wee Group 10 2G-Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT Hydroxyl group refers to a functional group containing OH- when it is a substituent in an organic compound. It is also known as the characteristic
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L-6 MCQ (A) MCQs of the Textual Exercise 1) In haloalkane _________ bond is formed between carbon and halogen. (a) Ionic (b) van der Waals (c) Covalent (d) hydrogen 2) In haloarene compounds‚ halogen combines with carbon having which hybridization? (a) sp2 (b) sp3 (c) sp (d)dsp2 3) In haloalkane‚ carbon in C-X bond possesses which partial electric charge? (a) Charge less (b) positive (c) negative (d) anionic 4) Which of the following bonds is the strongest?
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