number of ways. The process depends upon the rocks’ mineralogical composition‚ and the nature of chemical environment surrounding them. Some of the main processes of chemical weathering are: 1. solution‚ 2. hydration and hydrolysis‚ 3. oxidation and reduction‚ 4. carbonation‚ 5. base exchange‚ and 6. formation of colloids. 1. SOLUTION Some rocks contain one or more minerals that are soluble in water to some extent. Rock salt (NaCl)‚ gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O) and calcite (CaCO3) As it
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of industrially important sodium and calcium compounds including Portland cement; the biological significance of sodium‚ potassium‚ magnesium and calcium. • appreciate The s-block elements of the Periodic Table are those in which the last electron enters the outermost s-orbital. As the s-orbital can accommodate only two electrons‚ two groups (1 & 2) belong to the s-block of the Periodic Table. Group 1 of the Periodic Table consists of the elements: lithium‚ sodium‚ potassium‚ rubidium‚ caesium
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81 kcal/mol 62.55 cal/degree mol 10.68 cal/degree mol 6.16 kcal/mol Preparation Nitrosyl chloride can be prepared by the reaction of nitric oxide with chlorine: 2NO + Cl2 → 2ClNO Also‚ nitrosyl chloride is produced by the action of chlorine on sodium nitrate; or by the reaction of nitrosyl sulfuric acid with hydrochloric acid: NaNO3 + Cl2 → ClNO + NaClO2 ONHSO4 + HCl → ClNO + H2 SO4 Nitrosyl chloride also is obtained as a byproduct in the manufacture of potassium nitrate from potassium chloride
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IGCSE PRE-AICE CHEMISTRY 0620 OFFICIAL STUDY GUIDE Notes: To avoid any confusion concerning the symbol for litre‚ dm3 will be used in place of l or litre.Valence electrons are known as valency electrons for this test. Nature of Matter The states of matter are solid‚ liquid‚ and gas‚ in respective order of kinetic energy. State of Matter | Definite Volume | Definite Shape | Solid | Yes | Yes | Liquid | Yes | No | Gas | No | No | Diffusion:
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electrode where a metal can be reduced‚ the metal will often then dissolve in the mercury to form an amalgam that modifies its electrochemistry greatly. For example‚ it is possible for sodium cations to be reduced at a mercury cathode to form sodium amalgam‚ while at an inert electrode (such as platinum) the sodium cations are not reduced. Instead‚ water is reduced to hydrogen. A detergent or fine solid can be used to stabilize an emulsion‚ or third phase. MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS Distribution
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the solvent. 9.2 Reactions with Bases 1. Prepare 3 test tubes with 3 drops of 5% NaOH. 2. Add 5 drops of 50 mg of acetic acid‚ benzoic acid and oxalic acid. 3. Shake and observe the changes. 4. Repeat the procedures using 5% NaHCO3. 9.3 Oxidation Reactions 9.3.1 Reaction with KMnO4 1. Prepare 4 test tubes with 2 ml of water and add 1 ml of conc. H2SO4 to each. 2. Place 4 drops (0.1 g) of formic acid‚ acetic acid‚ benzoic acid‚ and oxalic acid‚ each into a different test tube. 3. If the
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study the method of purification of an organic compound by simple extraction 3. To study the test of identification of alkyl halide Chemicals and Apparatus: ~18.0 g 1-butanol‚ ~20.0 g sodium bromide‚ 15 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid‚ anhydrous magnesium sulfate‚ ~10 ml of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate‚ ~1 ml of sodium iodide – acetone reagent‚ 1 ml of bromine in chloroform‚ 1 piece of 100 cm3 round-bottomed flask‚ 1 piece of 50 cm3 of beaker‚ 1 piece of 50 cm3 of conical flask‚ 1 piece of 250 cm3
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component (salicyladehyde) and converted the latter‚ by hydrolysis and oxidation‚ to an acid of crystallized colorless needles‚ which he named salicylic acid. (1838). the problem was that salicylic acid was tough on stomachs and a means of ‘buffering’ the compound was searched for. The first person to do so was a French chemist named Charles Frederic Gerhardt. In 1853‚ this man neutralized salicylic acid by buffering it with sodium (sodium salicylate) and acetyl chloride‚ creating acetylsalicylic acid.
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an oxidation- reduction reaction. • To determine the concentration of an unknown sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4) solution by titrating it against standardized potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4). • To determine the percent by mass of Fe(II) in the form of ferrous ammonium sulfate Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O in a mixture by redox titration. B. Theory: (electron transfer reactions) 2Mg (s) + O2 (g) 2MgO (s) 2Mg 2Mg2+ + 4e- O2 + 4e- 2O2- Oxidation half-reaction
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Benzoin Synthesis * When two benzaldehyde molecules condense in the presence of thiamine‚ it leads to the formation of a molecule of benzoin. The thiamine behaves as a coenzyme catalyst. This step of the reaction involves the addition of ethanol and sodium hydroxide into an aqueous solution of thiamine hydrochloride and creating a reaction with pure benzaldehyde. When you heat this mixture to a temperature of 60 degrees Celsius for about 90 minutes and then cool it in an ice bath‚ the benzoin crystallizes
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