E20-1 Experiment 20 Consumer Chemistry: Vitamin C in Fruit Juices The Task The goal of this experiment is to determine the concentration of vitamin C in a range of different fruit juices (fresh and preserved) using titration and to rank these sources of vitamin C. Skills At the end of the laboratory session you should be able to: * use a pipette correctly‚ * use a pipette filler safely‚ * manipulate a burette and carry out a quantitative titration properly‚ * weigh a sample
Premium Vitamin C Titration Ascorbic acid
available in the blood. Sources: egg‚ soya beans‚ cod-liver oil‚ sunlight Deficiency: Osteomalacia (softening of the bone)‚ rickets (softening of the bone) Vitamins E (TOCOPHEROL) FUNCTION: Fat soluble anti-oxidant.It protect other substances from oxidation by being oxidized itself. Tocopherol is the most active and abundant one. Vit E as an antioxidant. SOURCES: CORN‚ NUTS‚OLIVES‚GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES DEFICEINCY: Mild hemolytic anemia VITAMINS K • FUNCTION: anti-sterity ‚ BLOOD CLOTHING
Premium Vitamin
number of ways. The process depends upon the rocks’ mineralogical composition‚ and the nature of chemical environment surrounding them. Some of the main processes of chemical weathering are: 1. solution‚ 2. hydration and hydrolysis‚ 3. oxidation and reduction‚ 4. carbonation‚ 5. base exchange‚ and 6. formation of colloids. 1. SOLUTION Some rocks contain one or more minerals that are soluble in water to some extent. Rock salt (NaCl)‚ gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O) and calcite (CaCO3) As it
Premium Mineral Carbon dioxide Sedimentary rock
of industrially important sodium and calcium compounds including Portland cement; the biological significance of sodium‚ potassium‚ magnesium and calcium. • appreciate The s-block elements of the Periodic Table are those in which the last electron enters the outermost s-orbital. As the s-orbital can accommodate only two electrons‚ two groups (1 & 2) belong to the s-block of the Periodic Table. Group 1 of the Periodic Table consists of the elements: lithium‚ sodium‚ potassium‚ rubidium‚ caesium
Premium Lithium Calcium Metal
81 kcal/mol 62.55 cal/degree mol 10.68 cal/degree mol 6.16 kcal/mol Preparation Nitrosyl chloride can be prepared by the reaction of nitric oxide with chlorine: 2NO + Cl2 → 2ClNO Also‚ nitrosyl chloride is produced by the action of chlorine on sodium nitrate; or by the reaction of nitrosyl sulfuric acid with hydrochloric acid: NaNO3 + Cl2 → ClNO + NaClO2 ONHSO4 + HCl → ClNO + H2 SO4 Nitrosyl chloride also is obtained as a byproduct in the manufacture of potassium nitrate from potassium chloride
Premium Oxygen
IGCSE PRE-AICE CHEMISTRY 0620 OFFICIAL STUDY GUIDE Notes: To avoid any confusion concerning the symbol for litre‚ dm3 will be used in place of l or litre.Valence electrons are known as valency electrons for this test. Nature of Matter The states of matter are solid‚ liquid‚ and gas‚ in respective order of kinetic energy. State of Matter | Definite Volume | Definite Shape | Solid | Yes | Yes | Liquid | Yes | No | Gas | No | No | Diffusion:
Premium Atom Metal Chemical bond
electrode where a metal can be reduced‚ the metal will often then dissolve in the mercury to form an amalgam that modifies its electrochemistry greatly. For example‚ it is possible for sodium cations to be reduced at a mercury cathode to form sodium amalgam‚ while at an inert electrode (such as platinum) the sodium cations are not reduced. Instead‚ water is reduced to hydrogen. A detergent or fine solid can be used to stabilize an emulsion‚ or third phase. MEASURES OF EFFECTIVENESS Distribution
Premium Acetic acid Solubility Solvent
the solvent. 9.2 Reactions with Bases 1. Prepare 3 test tubes with 3 drops of 5% NaOH. 2. Add 5 drops of 50 mg of acetic acid‚ benzoic acid and oxalic acid. 3. Shake and observe the changes. 4. Repeat the procedures using 5% NaHCO3. 9.3 Oxidation Reactions 9.3.1 Reaction with KMnO4 1. Prepare 4 test tubes with 2 ml of water and add 1 ml of conc. H2SO4 to each. 2. Place 4 drops (0.1 g) of formic acid‚ acetic acid‚ benzoic acid‚ and oxalic acid‚ each into a different test tube. 3. If the
Premium Acetic acid Carboxylic acid
study the method of purification of an organic compound by simple extraction 3. To study the test of identification of alkyl halide Chemicals and Apparatus: ~18.0 g 1-butanol‚ ~20.0 g sodium bromide‚ 15 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid‚ anhydrous magnesium sulfate‚ ~10 ml of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate‚ ~1 ml of sodium iodide – acetone reagent‚ 1 ml of bromine in chloroform‚ 1 piece of 100 cm3 round-bottomed flask‚ 1 piece of 50 cm3 of beaker‚ 1 piece of 50 cm3 of conical flask‚ 1 piece of 250 cm3
Premium Sulfuric acid Alcohol Bromine
component (salicyladehyde) and converted the latter‚ by hydrolysis and oxidation‚ to an acid of crystallized colorless needles‚ which he named salicylic acid. (1838). the problem was that salicylic acid was tough on stomachs and a means of ‘buffering’ the compound was searched for. The first person to do so was a French chemist named Charles Frederic Gerhardt. In 1853‚ this man neutralized salicylic acid by buffering it with sodium (sodium salicylate) and acetyl chloride‚ creating acetylsalicylic acid.
Premium Aspirin Salicylic acid