Compounds That Compose the Human Body There are five major groups of compounds that compose the human body. They are carbohydrates‚ lipids‚ proteins‚ nucleotides‚ and water. These are all very important to humans and without them we would not be able to survive. They have many functions that encourage a human cell and a human body to function. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches‚ contain carbon‚ hydrogen‚ and oxygen which appears in a ratio of 1:2:1. Carbohydrates are classified
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It must be supplied by the diet. It can be made from fat in the body. It can be made from glucose in the body. Question 3 of 30 Which of the following describes a process in protein synthesis? The code to make a protein is carried by a strand of messenger RNA. The final step in completing the protein is carried out in the mitochondria. The function of transfer RNA is to assist in absorption of amino acids into the cell. The DNA binds to ribosomes and directs uptake of specific
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eukaryotic proteins in prokaryotic cells occasionally results in instability or lack of biological activity. What are three of the post-translational modifications that eukaryotic cells can carry out that prokaryotic cells cannot? a) b) c) Correct disulfide bond formation Proteolytic cleavage of inactive precursor See Fig 7.1 p241 for cleavage of preproinsulin Glycosylation - addition of sugar residues See Fig 7.2‚ 7.3 p. 242‚243 in text Modification of amino acids in protein Phosphorylation
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Chapter 1. Microbiology – Diversity of Organisms Microorganisms- too small to be seen with the unaided eye “germ”- rapidly growing cell Microbes in our lives Pathogenic- disease causing Decompose organic waste Producers in ecosystem (photosynthesis) Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone Produce fermented foods ( vinegar‚ cheese‚ bread) Produce products used in manufacturing (cellulose) and treatment (insulin) Designer Jeans: Made by Microbes? Stone washing- Tricoderma
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Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of this polysaccharide: B) glycogen. Mitochondria: B) contain some of the code necessary for their own duplication. Human cells have a pH range of ________. D) 7.35 - 7.45 Globular proteins: B) exhibit tertiary structure. Which of the following would best describe potential energy? D) glucose being stored in a glycogen molecule Why is water a good solvent? D) because it is strictly made of covalent bonds Which of the following
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mold can grow in a minimal medium without supplements (wild type) while certain mutated strains (mutants) can only grow in a minimal medium that is supplemented with specific intermediates found in the following metabolic pathway for arginine synthesis: minimal ------> ornithine -------> citrulline ------> arginine‚ where enzyme 1 converts the precursor to ornithine‚ enzyme 2 converts ornithine to citrulline‚ and enzyme 3 converts citrulline to arginine. A strain that can grow in a minimal medium
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the instructions for making proteins Part of the nucleus | function | Chromatin | * The chromatin consists of DNA and proteins. * Some of these proteins controls the activities of the cell * When cells divide‚ chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes * The chromatin shows up as dark patches when it is stained. | Nucleolus | * The nucleolus makes RNA and ribosomes-these pass into the cytoplasm and proteins are assembled on them (protein synthesis) * The nucleus is a dense
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primary structure‚ secondary structure‚ tertiary structure and quaternary structure of proteins‚ and describe the types of bonding (hydrogen‚ ionic‚ disulfide and hydrophobic interactions) which hold the molecule in shape. (g) Analyse the molecular structure of a dimeric enzyme with a quaternary structure e.g. viral/HIV protease‚ as an example of a globular protein‚ and of collagen as an example of a fibrous protein‚ and relate these structures to their functions. (h) Explain the mode of action of enzymes
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power the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water 10. chromatin- The complex of DNA and proteins that is the composition of an eukaryotic chromosome. Chromatin appears as a mass of very long‚ thin fibers when the cell is not dividing and under a light microscope it is not visible 11. chromosome- Similar to that of a thread‚ this structure carries genes and is found within the nucleus. Each chromosome is made up of a single very long DNA molecule and other associated proteins. See
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cell with energy and how other biochemical processes enable a cell to produce proteins. 4. Two types of metabolic reactions and pathways are anabolism and catabolism. 5. In anabolism‚ larger molecules are constructed from smaller ones. 6. In catabolism‚ larger molecules are broken down
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