bergamot‚ bay leaf‚ lavandin‚ allspice‚ ylang-ylang and cananga. 2. Clove leaf is dark brown oil with a crude‚ burnt-woody odour. 3. Clove stem oil is a pale yellow liquid with a strong spicy-woody odour. 1. Bud: 60-90% eugenol‚ eugenol acetate‚ caryophyllene and other minor constituents. 2. Leaf : 82-88% eugenol with little or no
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initiative 7. It is full of activity. 8. It is an upward process of thought and leads to principle. Disadvantage The main criticism of the inductive method is that is not a valid means of obtaining proof. Steps of Inductive Method 1. Preparation 2. Presentation 3. Comparison & Abstraction 4. Generalization 5. Application Types of Inductive Teaching and Learning * Inquiry-based learning Students are presented with a challenge which will require knowledge
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CHEMICAL REACTIONS: ACID-BASE BUFFERS Short Overview Acids and bases represent two of the most common classes of compounds. Many studies have been done on these compounds‚ and their reactions are very important. Perhaps the most important reaction is the one in which an acid and base are combined‚ resulting in the formation of water (in aqueous solution) and a salt; this reaction is called neutralization. A buffer solution is a solution that contains both an acid and a salt
Free PH Acid dissociation constant Buffer solution
of chemical processes‚ the reactor vessel in which the reaction process take place is the key component of the equipment.The design of the reactors is very important to the success of the production. In this experiment‚ sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate react in tubular flow reactor.Both of the reactants fed to the reactor at equimolar flowrate for a certain time.The reaction is carried out at different volumetric flowrate.The conductivity value of outlet stream is measured to determine the conversion
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reaction are two CO2 and two Acetyl CoA (acetate bounded to Coenzyme A). The Citric Acid Cycle is composed of eight reactions that also occur in the matrix of the mitochondria. This reaction starts with Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate (OAA). CoA is first release. The Acetyl group is then oxidized to two CO2. OAA is then regenerated and is getting ready to accept another acetate group. Reduction of NAD+‚ FAD+ and GDP‚ happen all over this cycle in preparation for the next reaction. Citric acid cycle also
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anhydride Ethyl acetate Acid chlorides form esters by reaction with alcohols. O CH3CH2CH2OH 1-Propanol + H3C Cl Acetyl chloride C H3C O C O CH2CH2CH3 + HCl n-Propyl acetate In the latter reaction‚ an organic base such as pyridine is usually added to react with the hydrogen chloride. A number of other methods can be used to synthesize the ester group. Among these are the addition of 2methylpropene to an acid to form t-butyl esters‚ the addition of ketene to make acetates‚ and the reaction
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--- Experiment 1 : Thin-layer Chromatogragaphy : Analysis of Drug Components CHEM221 Date experiment performed : January 20‚ 2014Date Submitted : January 27‚ 2014 Introduction This laboratory has its first objective to familiarize with the thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique. Second‚ each student has to identify the unknown components by comparing it to one of the tree dissolved liquid analgesics: Acetaminophen‚ Aspirin and Caffeine. Finally‚ calculating the Rf value by measuring
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was purchased from Fluka‚ Switzerland. All the other chemicals and solvents used were of AR grade. UV SL-159 Elico make spectrophotometer was used for the studies. A standard solution of GLS (1000 µg/ml) was prepared in 0.1 M aqueous sodium acetate solution. (S1). Ten tablets (Cartilamine®
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phenyl or aryl group. Examples: CLASSIFICATION: Carboxylic acids are further classified as ; Mono‚ di ‚ tri‚ or poly carboxylic acids as they contain one‚ two‚ three or many carboxyl groups respectively in their molecules. General method of preparation: 1. From primary alcohols Primary alcohols and aldehydes are readily oxidized to corresponding carboxylic acids by oxidizing agents such as potassium dichromate in an acidic medium. R–CH2–OH + [O] R–CHO+ [O]
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Introduction In this highly luxurious extravagant world‚ food and other beverages has always been one of the things which maintain the mainstream of life. Aside from being one of the basics for survival‚ gatherings are also made perfect by food preparation and stress is now often associated with food. This activities show that food intake nowadays is far different from the conventional times. Furthermore‚ this lavish lifestyle most of the people have results in an unhealthy body. On the other hand
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