1. Predict the molecular formula of an alkane with 13 carbon atoms. .................................................................................................................................. [Total 1 mark] 2. Bromobutane‚ CH3CH2CH2CH2Br‚ can be reacted with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide to prepare butan-1-ol. CH3CH2CH2CH2Br + OH– → CH3CH2CH2CH2OH + Br– A student reacted 8.72 g of bromobutane with an excess of OH–. The student produced 4.28 g of butan-1-ol. (i) Calculate the amount
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hydrogen on the carbon-2 was attacked‚ then the product would be 3‚ 7-dimethyl-2-octene. If a hydrogen was attacked on the carbon-4‚ then 3‚ 7-dimethyl-3-octene will result (Figure 1). As a side note‚ the potassium hydroxide acts as a polarizable nucleophile that will cause the overall reaction to favor an elimination reaction over a substitution reaction.
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Sulfuric Acid | | | | | | | Compound/Product | | | | | | | 1- bromobutane | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Discussion: SN2 reactions are substitution reactions that involve the exchanging of a group(s) in a molecule. Nucleophiles are electron donors and want to give them away to electron acceptors. If the leaving group is a bad leaving group. In this experiment‚ I had foam in my flask from the microscale kit that could of caused an error in my desired product. The test
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as acid and base interactions‚ derives from acceptance of the Lewis definition of acids and bases‚ which alternated the earlier Brønsted-Lowry concept. According to Lewis definition‚ acids (electrophiles) are electron pair acceptors and bases (nucleophiles) are electron pair donors. AlCl3 + (CH3)3N ↔Al-Cl3N+(CH3)3In the above example‚ AlCl3 is Lewis acid because it have unoccupied valence orbital and can receive electron pairs from (CH3)3N‚ which is Lewis base. In a Lewis base‚ nitrogen donates
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carbocation and water. In order to form the double bond‚ one of the beta hydrogens‚ hydrogens on a carbon adjacent to the carbocation‚ must be removed or eliminated. Therefore‚ another name for a dehydration reaction is beta elimination. Water acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbocation‚ removing a beta hydrogen; the electrons from the C-H bond move to make a C-C pi-bond. The general mechanism is displayed by equation (1.0)Equation (1.0) shows a reaction with a primary alcohol. Usually primary alcohols
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Amines are aliphatic and aromatic derivatives of ammonia. Amines‚ like ammonia‚ are weak bases (Kb = 10−4 to 10−6). This basicity is due to the unshared electron pair on the nitrogen atom. Classification and nomenclature of amines Amines are classified as primary‚ secondary‚ or tertiary based upon the number of carbon-containing groups that are attached to the nitrogen atom. Those amine compounds that have only one group attached to the nitrogen atom are primary‚ while those with two or three
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Phenol‚ also known as carbolic acid‚ is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group (-C6H5) bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH). It is mildly acidic‚ but requires careful handling due to its propensity to cause chemical burns. Phenol was first extracted from coal tar‚ but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum. It is an important industrial commodity as a
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know the elements of life – and how the reduction and oxidative of some of these drive bioenergetics oxidize carbon (i.e. glucose source) and reduce oxygen (electron acceptor) (CHNOPS) and iron (Fe; trace element; Fe also important to obtain cellular energy). Nutrition: CHNOPS Trace Elements: Iron (Fe)‚ Ni‚ Mg‚ Mo‚ Mn‚ Ca (important in humans due to osteoblastic activity)‚ Co Occupancy: beat out others for a spot to live‚ e.g. microbiota (normal flora) Resistance: defend against microbes‚ eukaryotes
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aldehyde forms an aldol in equilibrium. Usually two molecules of aldehydes combine with a base two form the aldol‚ which is a compound with an aldehyde with a hydroxyl group attached. During this reaction‚ the enolate ion of the aldehyde‚ which is the nucleophile‚ adds to the carbonyl group of the aldeyde to from the alkoxide ion. The alkoxide ion abstracts a proton from water to yield an aldol. Aldol condensation is when two molecules of an aldehyde combine to eventually form an α‚β–unsaturated aldehyde
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IUBMB Life‚ 53: 85–98‚ 2002 Copyright c 2002 IUBMB 1521-6543/02 $12.00 + .00 DOI: 10.1080/10399710290038972 Review Article Structural Basis of Perturbed pKa Values of Catalytic Groups in Enzyme Active Sites Thomas K. Harris1 and George J. Turner2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology‚ University of Miami School of Medicine‚ Miami‚ Florida 2 Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Neurosciences Program‚ University of Miami School of Medicine‚ Miami‚ Florida 1 Summary
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